*1 Introduction 1
History of Turf 2
Lawn Turf 2
Sports Turf 3
Golf Turf 5
The Turfgrass Industry 8
Careers in Turf 8
Turf Quality 9
Visual Quality 10
Functional Quality 12
Turfgrass Management 14
Questions 15
*2 Growth and Development 17
The Grass Plant 18
Germination and Seedling Development 20
Leaf Formation 23
Turfgrass Stems 26
Tillering 29
Turfgrass Roots 31
Inflorescence 33
Seasonal Growth Variation 37
Bioenergetics and Metabolism 38
Biochemistry 39
Photosynthesis and Respiration 42
Antioxidants 48
Phytohormones 49
Auxins 50
Gibberellins 52
Cytokinins 52
Ethylene 53
Abscisic Acid 54
Other Phytohormones 55
Questions 56
*3Turfgrass Species 57
Turfgrass Climatic Adaptation 57
Characterization of Turfgrasses 62
Pooideae Subfamily 63
Chloridoideae Subfamily 81
Panicoideae Subfamily 88
Turfgrass Leaf Anatomy and Morphology 94
Pooid Species 95
Chloridoid and Panicoid Species 102
Criteria for Selecting Turfgrass Species 102
Questions 110
*4The Turfgrass Environment 111
Atmospheric Environment 111
Light 112
Temperature 116
Moisture 120
Wind 125
Edaphic Environment 128
Soil Physics 129
Soil Chemistry 143
Soil Biomass 150
The Biotic Environment 154
Questions 157
*5Primary Cultural Practices 159
Mowing 159
Mowing Equipment 159
Mowing Variables 165
Fertilization 169
Nutrient Requirements 170
Fertilizer Materials 174
Nitrogen 175
Phosphorus 181
Potassium 182
Secondary Nutrients 182
Micronutrients 184
Fertilizer Application 185
Irrigation 189
Irrigation Programming 189
Water 197
Irrigation Systems 200
Questions 207
*6 Supplementary Cultural Practices 209
Cultivation 209
Coring 209
Water-Injection Cultivation 215
Slicing and Spiking 216
Vertical Mowing 217
Rolling 219
Topdressing 220
Layering 221
Selecting a Topdressing Soil 221
Topdressing Intensity 222
Matting 223
Wetting Agents 224
Turf Colorants 225
Plant Growth Regulators 226
Biostimulants 228
Questions 229
*7 Pest Management 231
Pesticides 231
Fate of Pesticides 232
Pesticide Formulations 234
Pesticide Hazards 235
Pesticide Application 236
Weed Control 237
Weeds 237
Herbicides 251
Disease Control 263
Diseases 265
Fungicides 277
Nematode Control 281
Nematodes 282
Nematicides 286
Insect Control 287
Insects 288
Root-Feeding Insects 289
Shoot-Feeding Insects 291
Burrowing Insects 296
Insecticides 297
Controlling Large-Animal Pests 302
Rodents 302
Moles 302
Dogs 302
Canada Geese 304
People 304
Questions 304
*8 Propagation 307
Site Preparation 307
Clearing Operations 307
Tillage 309
Grading 310
Soil Modification 311
Drainage and Irrigation Systems 313
Fertilization and Liming 314
Turfgrass Selection 314
Blends and Mixtures 315
Seed Quality and Labeling 316
Seed Labeling 318
Vegetative Planting Materials 320
Planting Procedures 321
Seeding 321
Vegetative Planting Methods 326
Mulching 328
Postplanting Culture 330
Mowing 330
Fertilization 330
Irrigation 331
Topdressing 332
Pest Management 332
Renovation 333
Site Preparation 334
Turfgrass Selection 334
Planting Procedures 335
Postplanting Culture 335
Temporary Winter Turfs 335
Site Preparation 335
Turfgrass Selection 336
Planting Procedures 337
Postplanting Culture 337
Spring Transition 338
Questions 340
*9 Cultural Systems 341
Cultural Intensity 341
Growth Factors 342
Levels of Supply 343
Limiting Factors 343
Cultural Intensity Selection 344
Greens 345
Tees 351
Fairways 354
Sports Fields 356
Lawns 360
Utility Turfs 361
Questions 362
APPENDIX 1 Conversion Tables 363
APPENDIX 2 Calibration 365
Sprayer Calibration 365
Spreader Calibration 367
APPENDIX 3 Common and Chemical Names of Pesticides Used in Turf 369
Glossary 373
References 381
Index 387