Introduction 1
Genetics in Biology 1
Genetics and Human Affairs 2
Chapter 1 Gene and Organism 9
Gene and Environment 11
Genotype and Phenotype 14
The Norm of Reaction 15
Developmental Noise 19
Variation Is the Raw Material of Genetic Analysis 21
Summary 23
Chapter 2 Mendelism 27
Mendel’s Experiments 28
Simple Mendelian Genetics in Humans 45
Simple Mendelian Genetics in Agriculture 48
The Origin of Variants 51
Genetic Dissection 52
Summary 53
Problems 54
Chapter 3 Chromosome Theory of Inheritance 63
Mitosis and Meiosis 63
The Chromosome Theory of Heredity 68
Sex Chromosomes in Other Species 82
The Chromosome Theory in Review 86
Mendelian Genetics in Less Familiar Sexual Cycles 88
Summary 96
Problems 97
Chapter 4 Extensions to Mendelian Analysis 103
Variations on Dominance Relations 104
Multiple Alleles 107
Lethal Genes 113
Several Genes Affecting the Same Character 116
Penetrance and Expressivity 122
Summary 125
Problems 126
Chapter 5 Linkage 135
The Discovery of Linkage 135
Recombination 140
Linkage Symbolism 144
Linkage of Genes on the X Chromosome 144
Linkage Maps 145
Three-Point Testcross for Linkage Detection 148
Double Crossovers 152
The x2 Test 158
Early Thoughts on the Nature of Crossing Over 161
Linkage Mapping by Recombination in Humans 167
Summary 169
Problems 169
Chapter 6 Advanced Transmission Genetics 177
Mapping Functions 177
Tetrad Analysis 184
Mitotic Segregation and Recombination 199
Mapping Human Chromosomes 205
Summary 210
Problems 210
Chapter 7 Gene Mutation 219
Somatic Versus Germinal Mutation 220
Types of Mutations 222
The Usefulness of Mutations 226
Mutation Detection Systems 226
Selective Systems 229
Mutation Induction by Mutagens 242
The Mutant Hunt 245
Mutation Breeding 247
Summary 250
Problems 250
Chapter 8 Chromosome Mutation 255
Cytological Properties of Chromosomes 256
Changes in Chromosome Structure 260
Changes in Chromosome Number 284
Chromosome Mechanics in Plant Breeding 302
Summary 304
Problems 305
Chapter 9 Recombination in Bacteria and Their Viruses 317
Bacterial Conjugation 318
Bacterial Transformation 339
Phage Genetics 343
Transduction 356
Summary 362
Problems 363
Chapter 10 The Nature of the Gene 371
Position Effect 373
Intragenic Recombination 373
Intragenic Complementation 380
How Genes Work 385
Gene-Protein Relations 395
Temperature-Sensitive Alleles 410
Genetic Dissection of Genes 411
Summary 411
Problems 412
Chapter 11 DNA Structure 425
The Structure of DNA 426
Replication of DNA 434
DNA and the Gene 452
The Genetic Code 455
Alternative DNA Models 461
Summary 462
Problems 463
Chapter 12 DNA Function 467
Transcription 468
Translation 472
Cracking the Code 480
Summary 492
Problems 493
Chapter 13 Manipulation of DNA 501
The Power of Base Complementarity 502
Genetic Engineering 526
Summary 549
Problems 550
Chapter 14 The Structure and Function of Chromosomes 555
Constitutive Heterochromatin 556
Facultative Heterochromatin 563
Eukaryote Gene Function and Organization 572
Genes with Related Functions 585
Summary 656
Problems 656
Chapter 15 Organelle Genes 615
Variegation in Leaves of Higher Plants 618
Poky Neurospora 622
The Heterokaryon Test 624
Shell Coiling in Snails： A Red Herring 624
Extranuclear Genes in Chlamydomonas 626
Extranuclear Genes in Bakers’ Yeast 637
How Many Copies？ 653
Other Examples of Extranuclear Inheritance 653
Summary 656
Problems 656
Chapter 16 Mechanisms of Genetic Change 663
Gene Mutation 664
Recombination 690
Transposable Genetic Elements 703
Summary 720
Problems 721
Chapter 17 Developmental Genetics 727
Development as a Regulated Process 727
Differentiation and Variable Gene Activity 741
Immunogenetics： The Immune System as a Developmental Model 762
Developmental Genetics of Drosophila 775
Summary 797
Problems 798
Chapter 18 Quantitative Genetics 807
Some Basic Statistical Notions 809
Genotypes and Phenotypic Distribution 818
Norm of Reaction and Phenotypic Distribution 821
The Heritability of a Trait 823
Determining Norms of Reaction 826
Quantifying Heritability 831
Counting and Locating the Genes 837
Gene Action 840
More on Analyzing Variance 840
Summary 847
Problems 848
Chapter 19 Population Genetics 853
Darwin’s Revolution 854
Variation and Its Modulation 855
The Sources of Variation 867
The Effect of Sexual Reproduction on Variation 873
Selection 881
Balanced Polymorphism 891
Multiple Adaptive Peaks 894
Artificial Selection 897
Random Events 899
A Synthesis of Forces 901
The Origin of Species 905
Summary 906
Problems 908