1 Introduction&by Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus and Jay B.Jeffries 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Background 3
1.3 Organization 3
1.4 References 6
Part Ⅰ TECHNIQUES 7
2 Detection of Minor Species with Laser Techniques&by Kermit C.Smyth and David R.Crosley 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Laser-Based Measurement Techniques for Minor Species 10
2.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence 15
2.4 Comparison With Models of Combustion Chemistry 27
2.5 Other Minor Species 28
2.6 References 28
2.7 Appendix：Literature Review of Flame Measurements of Minor Constituents 33
3 Coherent Techniques for Measurements with Intermediate Concentrations&by Thomas Dreier and Paul Ewart 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing （DFWM） 72
3.3 Laser-Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy （LITGS） 81
3.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering （CARS） 83
3.5 Polarization Spectroscopy （PS） 86
3.6 Conclusions 92
3.7 References 92
4 Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy for Concentration Measurements&by Andrew Mcllroy and Jay B.Jeffries 98
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Background and Motivation 99
4.3 The Cavity Ringdown Method 101
4.4 Specific Species Detected by CRD in Flames 110
4.5 Future Directions 119
4.6 Conclusions 121
4.7 References 122
5 Short-Pulse Techniques：Picosecond Fluorescence，Energy Transfer，and “Quench-Free” Measurements&by Andreas Brockhinke and Mark A.Linne 128
5.1 Introduction 128
5.2 Basic Physical Concepts 129
5.3 Instrumentation 133
5.4 Typical Applications，Advantages，and Disadvantages 144
5.5 Summary and Perspectives 150
5.6 References 151
6 Measurement of Temperature in Laboratory Flames and Practical Devices&by Winfried P.Stricker 155
6.1 Introduction 155
6.2 General Remarks on Temperature Measurements 156
6.3 Temperature Measurements by Laser-Spectroscopic Techniques 158
6.4 Selected Examples of Temperature Measurements 177
6.5 Conclusions 184
6.6 References 186
7 Flow-Field Diagnostics&by Richard B.Miles 194
7.1 Introduction 194
7.2 Historical Sketch 195
7.3 The Challenge 199
7.4 Imaging of Scalar Properties 200
7.5 Measurement of Transport Properties 208
7.6 Summary 215
7.7 References 217
8 Multidimensional Diagnostics in Space and Time&by Clemens F.Kaminski and Marshall B.Long 224
8.1 Introduction 224
8.2 Fundamentals 225
8.3 Applications 232
8.4 Conclusions，Future Outlook 245
8.5 References 246
9 Laser-Induced Incandescence&by Robert J.Santoro and Christopher R.Shaddix 252
9.1 Introduction 252
9.2 Previous LII Studies 253
9.3 Theoretical Analysis 254
9.4 Experimental Approach 260
9.5 Calibration 268
9.6 Results 274
9.7 Conclusions 280
9.8 References 281
Part Ⅱ APPLICATIONS 287
10 Fuel-Rich Chemistry and Soot Precursors&by Burak Atakan，Heidi Bohm，and Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus 289
10.1 Introduction 289
10.2 Reaction Systems 290
10.3 Modeling 294
10.4 Experimental Techniques and Strategies 296
10.5 Combination of Diagnostic Methods 304
10.6 References 310
11 Combustion Chemistry of Fire Suppression&by Bradley A.Williams and James W.Fleming 317
11.1 Background 317
11.2 General Principles of Inhibition 319
11.3 Application of Optical Diagnostics to Suppression Chemistry 322
11.4 Kinetic Mechanisms of Inhibitors 323
11.5 Summary 331
11.6 References 332
12 Sum-Frequency Generation （SFG） Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Means for the Investigation of Catalytic Combustion&by Hans-Robert Volpp and Jurgen Wolfrum 336
12.1 Introduction 336
12.2 Fundamentals of Infrared-Visible SFG Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy 338
12.3 Experimental Arrangement for In-Situ Diagnostics of Catalytic Combustion Using SFG 343
12.4 CO Adsorption/Desorption Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil 345
12.5 CO Combustion Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil 348
12.6 CO Dissociation Studies on Platinum at High Pressure and Temperature 350
12.7 Perspectives and Challenges 352
12.8 References 355
13 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques&by Alfred Leipertz，Frederik Ossler，and Marcus Alden 359
13.1 Introduction 359
13.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 360
13.3 Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques 368
13.4 Soot Measurements Using Laser-Induced Incandescence （LII） 369
13.5 Conclusions 376
13.6 References 377
14 Multiscalar Diagnostics in Turbulent Flames&by Robert S.Barlow，Campbell D.Carter，and Robert W.Pitz 384
14.1 Introduction 384
14.2 Experimental Design Considerations 385
14.3 Application Example 1：Simultaneous Raman/Rayleigh/LIF Point Measurements 388
14.4 Application Example 2：1-D Measurements of Scalar Dissipation 394
14.5 Hydrocarbon Fluorescence Interferences：Nature，Avoidance，and Corrections 396
14.6 Calibration Burners 400
14.7 Considerations of Precision and Accuracy 401
14.8 Other Multiscalar Applications in Combustion 401
14.9 Outlook for Multiscalar Diagnostics 402
14.10 References 402
15 Laser Diagnostics for Droplet Measurements for the Study of Fuel Injection and Mixing in Gas Turbines and IC Engines&by Douglas A.Greenhalgh and Mark Jermy 408
15.1 Introduction 408
15.2 Basics of Droplet Stability and the Statistics of Sprays 411
15.3 Malvern Particle Sizer 413
15.4 Phase Doppler Velocimetry 414
15.5 Laser Sheet Dropsizing 418
15.6 Example Applications and Comparison of Methods 424
15.7 References 428
16 Optical Measurements in DI Diesel Engines&by Thierry Baritaud 431
16.1 Key Problems Related to Diesel Engines 431
16.2 Nozzle Flow 433
16.3 Sprays and Mixture Formation 434
16.4 Self-Ignition and Combustion 442
16.5 Pollutant Measurements 446
16.6 Summary and Open Problems for Optical Diagnostics in Diesel Engines 448
16.7 References 450
17 Optical Diagnostics in DI Gasoline Engines&by Werner Hentschel 452
17.1 Introduction 452
17.2 Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines 453
17.3 Engines with Optical Access 455
17.4 Flow-Field Development 456
17.5 Spray Formation 461
17.6 Vaporization and Mixing 465
17.7 Combustion 469
17.8 Pollutant Formation 470
17.9 Future Trends in Optical Engine Diagnostics 471
17.10 Conclusions 474
17.11 References 475
18 Tunable Diode Laser Sensing and Combustion Control&by Mark G.Allen，Edward R.Furlong，and Ronald K.Hanson 479
18.1 Introduction and Sensor Overview 479
18.2 Measurement Fundamentals 481
18.3 Sensor Configuration 482
18.4 Example TDL Sensing Applications 484
18.5 Applications to Combustion，Engine，and Industrial Process Control 489
18.6 Future Opportunities and Needs 494
18.7 References 496
Part Ⅲ PERSPECTIVES 499
19 Diagnostics for Detailed Kinetic Modeling&by Gregory P.Smith 501
19.1 Introduction 501
19.2 Model Uncertainties 503
19.3 Computed Temperatures 507
19.4 Kinetic Uncertainty 509
19.5 Conclusions 514
19.6 References 515
20 Diagnostics for Catalytic Combustion&by Olaf Deutschmann and Jurgen Warnatz 518
20.1 Introduction to Catalytic Combustion 518
20.2 Modeling Catalytic Combustion 520
20.3 Development of Surface Reaction Mechanisms 524
20.4 Limitations and Challenges 528
20.5 Conclusions 530
20.6 References 530
21 Sensor Requirements for Combustion Control&by Nicolas Docquier and Sebastien Candel 534
21.1 Introduction 534
21.2 Combustion Control 535
21.3 Control Concepts and Sensor Requirements 541
21.4 Conclusions 550
21.5 References 551
22 Diagnostic Challenges for Gas Turbine Combustor Model Validation&by Andreas Dreizler and Johannes Janicka 561
22.1 Introduction 561
22.2 General Aspects 563
22.3 Submodel Development and Validation 567
22.4 Integral Model Validation 571
22.5 Challenges of Laser Diagnostics for Model Validation 577
22.6 References 580
23 Opportunities for Diagnostics in the Combustion Synthesis of Materials&by Kenneth Brezinsky 587
23.1 Introduction 587
23.2 Combustion Synthesis Processes 587
23.3 Phenomenological Control and Understanding of Solid/Solid and Solid/Gas Combustion Synthesis 591
23.4 Examples of Real-Time Diagnostics for SHS 593
23.5 Example of a Diagnostics Opportunity for Gas/Solid SHS 597
23.6 Phenomenology of Gas/Gas Flame Synthesis 600
23.7 Example of an Opportunity for Diagnostics in Flame Synthesis 602
23.8 Conclusions 603
23.9 References 604
24 Diagnostic Requirements for Toxic Emission Control&by Catherine P.Koshland and Susan L.Fischer 606
24.1 Introduction 606
24.2 Characteristics of Air Toxics 607
24.3 Human Health Burdens Associated with Air Toxics 610
24.4 Two Categories to Address 612
24.5 Diagnostic Needs 620
24.6 Technology Needs 621
24.7 Conclusion 622
24.8 References 622
25 Online Trace Analysis for Time-Resolved Monitoring of Organic Combustion Effluents&by Ulrich Boesl 627
25.1 Introduction 627
25.2 Principle and Features of Resonant Laser MS 628
25.3 Trace Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Combustion Engines 634
25.4 Approach for Isomer Selective Trace Analysis of PAHs from Combustion Processes Adsorbed on Aerosols and Other Solid Samples 638
25.5 Alternative Laser-Based Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Trace Analysis 640
25.6 Final Remarks Concerning Laser MS Instruments for Practical Use 642
25.7 References 644
26 Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy （TILDAS） Sensors for Combustion Exhaust Pollutant Quantification&by Mark S.Zahniser，David D.Nelson，and Charles E.Kolb 648
26.1 Combustion Exhaust Products and the Atmosphere 648
26.2 Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy （TILDAS） 652
26.3 Combustion Exhaust TILDAS Applications 657
26.4 Summary 664
26.5 References 665
27 Continuing Developments&by Jay B.Jeffries and Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus 669
27.1 Introduction 669
27.2 Infrared Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging 670
27.3 Temperature Measurement in Sooting Flames Using Seeded Atoms 671
27.4 Detection of Water with Terahertz Absorption 672
27.5 CO2 Interferences in Engine Diagnostics 672
27.6 Novel Flow-Tagging Velocimetry Approach 672
27.7 Advances in Diesel Engine Diagnostics 673
27.8 New Diode Laser Sources for Combustion Diagnostics and Control 673
27.9 Laser Diagnostics in Combustor Design 674
27.10 Summary 674
27.11 References 674
Abbreviations 677
Permissions 682
Index 691