Applied combustion diagnosticsPDF电子书下载

1 Introduction&by Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus and Jay B.Jeffries 1

1.1 Motivation 1

1.2 Background 3

1.3 Organization 3

1.4 References 6

Part Ⅰ TECHNIQUES 7

2 Detection of Minor Species with Laser Techniques&by Kermit C.Smyth and David R.Crosley 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Laser-Based Measurement Techniques for Minor Species 10

2.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence 15

2.4 Comparison With Models of Combustion Chemistry 27

2.5 Other Minor Species 28

2.6 References 28

2.7 Appendix：Literature Review of Flame Measurements of Minor Constituents 33

3 Coherent Techniques for Measurements with Intermediate Concentrations&by Thomas Dreier and Paul Ewart 69

3.1 Introduction 69

3.2 Degenerate Four-Wave Mixing （DFWM） 72

3.3 Laser-Induced Thermal Grating Spectroscopy （LITGS） 81

3.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering （CARS） 83

3.5 Polarization Spectroscopy （PS） 86

3.6 Conclusions 92

3.7 References 92

4 Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy for Concentration Measurements&by Andrew Mcllroy and Jay B.Jeffries 98

4.1 Introduction 98

4.2 Background and Motivation 99

4.3 The Cavity Ringdown Method 101

4.4 Specific Species Detected by CRD in Flames 110

4.5 Future Directions 119

4.6 Conclusions 121

4.7 References 122

5 Short-Pulse Techniques：Picosecond Fluorescence，Energy Transfer，and “Quench-Free” Measurements&by Andreas Brockhinke and Mark A.Linne 128

5.1 Introduction 128

5.2 Basic Physical Concepts 129

5.3 Instrumentation 133

5.4 Typical Applications，Advantages，and Disadvantages 144

5.5 Summary and Perspectives 150

5.6 References 151

6 Measurement of Temperature in Laboratory Flames and Practical Devices&by Winfried P.Stricker 155

6.1 Introduction 155

6.2 General Remarks on Temperature Measurements 156

6.3 Temperature Measurements by Laser-Spectroscopic Techniques 158

6.4 Selected Examples of Temperature Measurements 177

6.5 Conclusions 184

6.6 References 186

7 Flow-Field Diagnostics&by Richard B.Miles 194

7.1 Introduction 194

7.2 Historical Sketch 195

7.3 The Challenge 199

7.4 Imaging of Scalar Properties 200

7.5 Measurement of Transport Properties 208

7.6 Summary 215

7.7 References 217

8 Multidimensional Diagnostics in Space and Time&by Clemens F.Kaminski and Marshall B.Long 224

8.1 Introduction 224

8.2 Fundamentals 225

8.3 Applications 232

8.4 Conclusions，Future Outlook 245

8.5 References 246

9 Laser-Induced Incandescence&by Robert J.Santoro and Christopher R.Shaddix 252

9.1 Introduction 252

9.2 Previous LII Studies 253

9.3 Theoretical Analysis 254

9.4 Experimental Approach 260

9.5 Calibration 268

9.6 Results 274

9.7 Conclusions 280

9.8 References 281

Part Ⅱ APPLICATIONS 287

10 Fuel-Rich Chemistry and Soot Precursors&by Burak Atakan，Heidi Bohm，and Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus 289

10.1 Introduction 289

10.2 Reaction Systems 290

10.3 Modeling 294

10.4 Experimental Techniques and Strategies 296

10.5 Combination of Diagnostic Methods 304

10.6 References 310

11 Combustion Chemistry of Fire Suppression&by Bradley A.Williams and James W.Fleming 317

11.1 Background 317

11.2 General Principles of Inhibition 319

11.3 Application of Optical Diagnostics to Suppression Chemistry 322

11.4 Kinetic Mechanisms of Inhibitors 323

11.5 Summary 331

11.6 References 332

12 Sum-Frequency Generation （SFG） Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Means for the Investigation of Catalytic Combustion&by Hans-Robert Volpp and Jurgen Wolfrum 336

12.1 Introduction 336

12.2 Fundamentals of Infrared-Visible SFG Surface Vibrational Spectroscopy 338

12.3 Experimental Arrangement for In-Situ Diagnostics of Catalytic Combustion Using SFG 343

12.4 CO Adsorption/Desorption Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil 345

12.5 CO Combustion Studies on a Polycrystalline Pt Foil 348

12.6 CO Dissociation Studies on Platinum at High Pressure and Temperature 350

12.7 Perspectives and Challenges 352

12.8 References 355

13 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques&by Alfred Leipertz，Frederik Ossler，and Marcus Alden 359

13.1 Introduction 359

13.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 360

13.3 Soot Diagnostics by Optical Techniques 368

13.4 Soot Measurements Using Laser-Induced Incandescence （LII） 369

13.5 Conclusions 376

13.6 References 377

14 Multiscalar Diagnostics in Turbulent Flames&by Robert S.Barlow，Campbell D.Carter，and Robert W.Pitz 384

14.1 Introduction 384

14.2 Experimental Design Considerations 385

14.3 Application Example 1：Simultaneous Raman/Rayleigh/LIF Point Measurements 388

14.4 Application Example 2：1-D Measurements of Scalar Dissipation 394

14.5 Hydrocarbon Fluorescence Interferences：Nature，Avoidance，and Corrections 396

14.6 Calibration Burners 400

14.7 Considerations of Precision and Accuracy 401

14.8 Other Multiscalar Applications in Combustion 401

14.9 Outlook for Multiscalar Diagnostics 402

14.10 References 402

15 Laser Diagnostics for Droplet Measurements for the Study of Fuel Injection and Mixing in Gas Turbines and IC Engines&by Douglas A.Greenhalgh and Mark Jermy 408

15.1 Introduction 408

15.2 Basics of Droplet Stability and the Statistics of Sprays 411

15.3 Malvern Particle Sizer 413

15.4 Phase Doppler Velocimetry 414

15.5 Laser Sheet Dropsizing 418

15.6 Example Applications and Comparison of Methods 424

15.7 References 428

16 Optical Measurements in DI Diesel Engines&by Thierry Baritaud 431

16.1 Key Problems Related to Diesel Engines 431

16.2 Nozzle Flow 433

16.3 Sprays and Mixture Formation 434

16.4 Self-Ignition and Combustion 442

16.5 Pollutant Measurements 446

16.6 Summary and Open Problems for Optical Diagnostics in Diesel Engines 448

16.7 References 450

17 Optical Diagnostics in DI Gasoline Engines&by Werner Hentschel 452

17.1 Introduction 452

17.2 Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines 453

17.3 Engines with Optical Access 455

17.4 Flow-Field Development 456

17.5 Spray Formation 461

17.6 Vaporization and Mixing 465

17.7 Combustion 469

17.8 Pollutant Formation 470

17.9 Future Trends in Optical Engine Diagnostics 471

17.10 Conclusions 474

17.11 References 475

18 Tunable Diode Laser Sensing and Combustion Control&by Mark G.Allen，Edward R.Furlong，and Ronald K.Hanson 479

18.1 Introduction and Sensor Overview 479

18.2 Measurement Fundamentals 481

18.3 Sensor Configuration 482

18.4 Example TDL Sensing Applications 484

18.5 Applications to Combustion，Engine，and Industrial Process Control 489

18.6 Future Opportunities and Needs 494

18.7 References 496

Part Ⅲ PERSPECTIVES 499

19 Diagnostics for Detailed Kinetic Modeling&by Gregory P.Smith 501

19.1 Introduction 501

19.2 Model Uncertainties 503

19.3 Computed Temperatures 507

19.4 Kinetic Uncertainty 509

19.5 Conclusions 514

19.6 References 515

20 Diagnostics for Catalytic Combustion&by Olaf Deutschmann and Jurgen Warnatz 518

20.1 Introduction to Catalytic Combustion 518

20.2 Modeling Catalytic Combustion 520

20.3 Development of Surface Reaction Mechanisms 524

20.4 Limitations and Challenges 528

20.5 Conclusions 530

20.6 References 530

21 Sensor Requirements for Combustion Control&by Nicolas Docquier and Sebastien Candel 534

21.1 Introduction 534

21.2 Combustion Control 535

21.3 Control Concepts and Sensor Requirements 541

21.4 Conclusions 550

21.5 References 551

22 Diagnostic Challenges for Gas Turbine Combustor Model Validation&by Andreas Dreizler and Johannes Janicka 561

22.1 Introduction 561

22.2 General Aspects 563

22.3 Submodel Development and Validation 567

22.4 Integral Model Validation 571

22.5 Challenges of Laser Diagnostics for Model Validation 577

22.6 References 580

23 Opportunities for Diagnostics in the Combustion Synthesis of Materials&by Kenneth Brezinsky 587

23.1 Introduction 587

23.2 Combustion Synthesis Processes 587

23.3 Phenomenological Control and Understanding of Solid/Solid and Solid/Gas Combustion Synthesis 591

23.4 Examples of Real-Time Diagnostics for SHS 593

23.5 Example of a Diagnostics Opportunity for Gas/Solid SHS 597

23.6 Phenomenology of Gas/Gas Flame Synthesis 600

23.7 Example of an Opportunity for Diagnostics in Flame Synthesis 602

23.8 Conclusions 603

23.9 References 604

24 Diagnostic Requirements for Toxic Emission Control&by Catherine P.Koshland and Susan L.Fischer 606

24.1 Introduction 606

24.2 Characteristics of Air Toxics 607

24.3 Human Health Burdens Associated with Air Toxics 610

24.4 Two Categories to Address 612

24.5 Diagnostic Needs 620

24.6 Technology Needs 621

24.7 Conclusion 622

24.8 References 622

25 Online Trace Analysis for Time-Resolved Monitoring of Organic Combustion Effluents&by Ulrich Boesl 627

25.1 Introduction 627

25.2 Principle and Features of Resonant Laser MS 628

25.3 Trace Analysis of Exhaust Emissions from Combustion Engines 634

25.4 Approach for Isomer Selective Trace Analysis of PAHs from Combustion Processes Adsorbed on Aerosols and Other Solid Samples 638

25.5 Alternative Laser-Based Mass Spectrometric Techniques for Trace Analysis 640

25.6 Final Remarks Concerning Laser MS Instruments for Practical Use 642

25.7 References 644

26 Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy （TILDAS） Sensors for Combustion Exhaust Pollutant Quantification&by Mark S.Zahniser，David D.Nelson，and Charles E.Kolb 648

26.1 Combustion Exhaust Products and the Atmosphere 648

26.2 Tunable Infrared Laser Differential Absorption Spectroscopy （TILDAS） 652

26.3 Combustion Exhaust TILDAS Applications 657

26.4 Summary 664

26.5 References 665

27 Continuing Developments&by Jay B.Jeffries and Katharina Kohse-Hoinghaus 669

27.1 Introduction 669

27.2 Infrared Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging 670

27.3 Temperature Measurement in Sooting Flames Using Seeded Atoms 671

27.4 Detection of Water with Terahertz Absorption 672

27.5 CO2 Interferences in Engine Diagnostics 672

27.6 Novel Flow-Tagging Velocimetry Approach 672

27.7 Advances in Diesel Engine Diagnostics 673

27.8 New Diode Laser Sources for Combustion Diagnostics and Control 673

27.9 Laser Diagnostics in Combustor Design 674

27.10 Summary 674

27.11 References 674

Abbreviations 677

Permissions 682

Index 691