1 The United States 14
The framework of counter-terrorism law and policy and its impact on civil society in the United States 14
Initial prosecutions, organizational defiance, and sectoral disengagement 15
Broadening sectoral opposition and self-regulation as a response to broadening government policy against the nonprofit sector 17
Foundation responses to strengthened government policy and regulation: Disengagement and shifting ristk to grantees 20
Broadening government regulation, broadening sectoral opposition - and a victory 23
Opposition in isolation: The lonely struggle over 'material support' 24
General conclusions 30
The dangers in the failure to oppose 31
2 The United Kingdom 35
The role of the Charity Commission: Keeping charity regulators central in terrorist finance enforcement 36
North London Central Mosque (Finsbury Park Mosque)(2001-3) 39
Society for the Revival of Islamic Heritage (2002) 40
Minhaj-Ul-Quran UK and Idara Minhaj-Ul-Quran UK(2002) 40
Divergence from the United States: The Interpal case(2003) 41
Tamils Rehabilitation Organisation (2000-5) 42
New initiatives against terrorist financing through charities,2006-7 44
The Home Office and Treasury review of actions against terrorist finance and the Charity Commission's role 46
Lessons of the experience in the United Kingdom 50
3 Canada 53
From threat to enforcement in 2008 67
Summing up the Canadian situation 68
4 India 71
From the Terrorism and Disruptive Activities Prevention Act(TADA) to the Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance(POTO) 71
The Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) and its uses 74
From the Prevention of Terrorism Act to State Acts and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 76
The struggle over the Foreign Contribution (Regulation)Act 82
5 Multilateral responses, counter-terrorism, and civil society:The United Nations and the European Union 88
The United Nations' counter-terrorism strategy and civil society 88
National regulation and enforcement in Europe 92
European regional responses 93
The 'securitization of aid' debate 101
Conclusion 102
6 Initiatives in response to the pressure of counter-terrorism policy: The Montreux Initiative, Humanitarian Forum, and other steps 104
The Montreux Initiative 105
The Humanitarian Forum 111
The future for the responsive initiatives 114
Conclusion 115
Australia 115
Civil society, charities, and terrorist finance 117
The current status of nonprofit organizations in Australia under the anti-terrorist statutory regime 123
Terrorism-related cases in Australia 124
Some concluding thoughts on the new regulation of the voluntary sector in the post-September 11 era 126
The role of anti-terrorism law vis-à-vis voluntary sector organizations 128
The role of opposition and resistance to the new regulation of the voluntary sector 129
Key themes in the new regulation of the voluntary sector through anti-terrorism law 130
The complex role of self-regulation in the new regulation of the voluntary sector 130
Bibliography 135
Index 150