INTRODUCTION 1
The Sociological Imperative 1
What this Book Does and Doesn’t Do 4
The Structure of the Book 6
1 THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO LAW AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 8
Introduction 8
Social Order and Modernity 9
Contract Theory 12
Emile Durkheim 13
The Marxist Tradition 19
Symbolic Interactionism and Labelling Theory 26
Poststructuralism 28
Postmodern Approaches 32
Weberian Approaches 36
Norbert Elias and the Civilizing Process 37
Feminist Perspectives 39
The Relevance of Theory 42
Study Questions 42
Glossary of Key Terms 43
Suggested Further Reading 45
Suggested Websites 46
2 THE LAW 47
Introduction 47
Legal Systems 47
Liberal Legal Philosophy 50
Law and Norms 51
Past Processes： The Emergence of Law 52
Current Questions： Law， Postmodernity and Globalization 55
Jurisprudential Approaches to the Law 57
Equality 62
Objectivity 64
Public/Private Dichotomy 69
Rights 72
Conclusion 78
Study Questions 79
Glossary of Key Terms 79
Suggested Further Reading 81
Suggested Websites 81
3 THE POLICE 83
Introduction 83
The History of Policing 84
Police Culture 88
The Police World-view and Behaviour 89
Routine Policing 91
Styles of Policing 95
Policing and Politics 103
The Policing of Minorities 104
Police Deviance 107
Reforming the Police 108
Other Enforcement Agencies 110
Private Policing 112
Police and the Media 115
Conclusion 117
Study Questions 118
Glossary of Key Terms 118
Suggested Further Reading 119
Suggested Websites 120
4 COURT PROCESSES AND PERSONNEL 121
Introduction 121
The Role of the Courts 121
Language and Power 125
Sentencing 128
Ethnicity 129
Gender 133
Minimizing Discretion in Sentencing 136
Judging Victims： Rape， Gender Stereotypes and Victims of Crime 139
Key Courtroom Players - Lawyers， Judges， Juries 142
Alternative Adjudication 154
Media Representations of Law 159
Conclusion 163
Study Questions 163
Glossary of Key Terms 164
Suggested Further Reading 166
Suggested Websites 166
5 PUNISHMENT 167
Philosophies of Punishment 167
Prisons 169
The History of the Prison 169
Do Prisons Work？ 172
Prison Populations 175
The Experience of Prison and Prison Culture 178
Prisons as a Negotiated Order 182
Women in Prisons 183
Intermediate Sanctions 185
The Death Penalty 188
New Initiatives in Punishment 189
Conclusion 192
Study Questions 192
Glossary of Key Terms 193
Suggested Further Reading 194
Suggested Websites 194
6 CONCLUSION 196
Law， Criminal Justice and the Sociological Perspective 196
Study Questions 206
Glossary of Key Terms 206
Suggested Further Reading 206
BIBLIOGRAPHY 207
INDEX 221