PART Ⅰ HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAW 3
Chapter Ⅰ. Greek and Roman Legal Theory 3
1. Early Greek Theory 3
2. Plato's View of the Law 6
3. The Aristotelian Theory of Law 10
4. The Stoic Law of Nature 13
Chapter Ⅱ. Legal Philosophy in the Middle Ages 21
5. Early Christian Doctrine 21
6. The Thomist Philosophy of Law 23
7. The Medieval Nominalists 26
Chapter Ⅲ. The Classical Era of Natural Law 31
8. Introduction 31
9. Grotius and Pufendorf 35
10. Hobbes and Spinoza 39
11. Locke and Montesquieu 45
12. The Philosophy of Natural Rights in the United States 49
13. Rousseau and His Influence 53
14. Practical Achievements of the Classical Law-of-Nature School, 57
Chapter Ⅳ. German Transcendental Idealism 60
15. The Legal Philosophy of Kant 60
16. The Legal Philosophy of Fichte 64
17. Hegel's Philosophy of Law and the State 65
Chapter Ⅴ. Historical and Evolutionary Theories of Law 70
18. Savigny and the Historical School in Germany 70
19. The Historical School in England and the United States 74
20. Spencer's Evolutionary Theory of Law 77
21. The Marxian Doctrine of Law 79
Chapter Ⅵ. Utilitarianism 84
22. Bentham and Mill 84
23. Jhering 88
Chapter Ⅶ. Analytical Positivism 91
24. What Is Positivism? 91
25. John Austin and the Analytical School of Law 95
26. The Pure Theory of Law 100
27. Neo-analytic and Linguistic Jurisprudence 104
Chapter Ⅷ. Sociological Jurisprudence and Legal Realism 111
28. Sociological and Psychological Theories of Law in Europe 111
29. The Jurisprudence of Interests and the Free-Law Movement 115
30. Pound's Sociological Jurisprudence 118
31. Cardozo and Holmes 120
32. American Legal Realism 124
33. Scandinavian Legal Realism 128
Chapter Ⅸ. The Revival of Natural Law and Value-Oriented Jurisprudence 134. 134
34. Neo-Kantian Natural Law 134
35. Neo-Scholastic Natural Law 142
36. Duguit's Legal Philosophy 147
37. The Policy-Science of Lasswell and McDougal 148
38. Other Recent Value-Oriented Philosophies of Law 151
39. Concluding Observations 162
PART Ⅱ THE NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE LAW 171
Chapter Ⅹ. The Need for Order 171
40. Introduction 171
41. The Prevalence of Orderly Patterns in Nature 172
42. Order in Individual and Social Life 175
43. The Psychological Roots of the Need for Order 178
44. Anarchy and Despotism 181
45. The Element of Generality in Law 184
46. The Striving of the Law for Independence and Autonomy 192
Chapter Ⅺ. The Quest for Justice 195
47. The Protean Face of Justice 195
48. Justice and Rationality 201
49. The Conceptual Scope of Justice 207
50. Justice and Natural Law 214
51. Justice and Freedom 222
52. Justice and Equality 229
53. Justice and Security 236
54. Justice and the Common Good 240
Chapter Ⅻ. Law as a Synthesis of Order and Justice 246
55. The Relation between Order and Justice 246
56. Stability and Change in Law 253
57. The Imperative and the Societal Elements in Law 256
58. The Validity of Legal Norms 259
59. The Sig-nificance of Sanctions 269
Chapter ⅩⅢ. Law as Distinguished from Other Agencies of Social Control 277
60. Law and Power 277
61. Law and Administration 284
62. Law and Morality 290
63. Law and Custom, 300. 305
Chapter ⅩⅣ. The Benefits and Drawbacks of the Rule of Law 305
64. The Channeling of Creative Human Energies 305
65. The Promotion of Peace 308
66. The Adjustment of Conflicting Interests 311
67. The Drawbacks of the Law 315
PART Ⅲ THE SOURCES AND TECHNIQUES OF THE LAW 323
Chapter ⅩⅤ. The Formal Sources of the Law 323
68. Introduction 323
69. Legislation 326
70. Delegated and Autonomic Legislation 330
71. Treaties and Other Consensual Agreements 334
72. Precedent 341
Chapter ⅩⅥ. The Nonformal Sources of the Law 346
73. Introduction 346
74. Standards of Justice 350
75. Reason and the Nature of Things 357
76. Individual Equity 363
77. Public Policies, Moral Convictions, and Social Trends 367
78. Customary Law 372
Chapter ⅩⅦ. Law and Scientific Method 379
79. The Formation of Concepts 379
80. Analytical Reasoning 385
81. Dialectical Reasoning 392
82. The Role of Value Judgments in the Law 397
83. The Aims of Legal Education 401
Chapter ⅩⅧ. The Techniques of the Judicial Process 404
84. The Interpretation of Constitutions 404
85. The Interpretation of Statutes 413
86. The Doctrine of Stare Decisis 425
87. The Ratio Decidendi of a Case 432
88. Discovery and Creation in the Judicial Process 439
Table of Cases 445
Index of Names 448
Index of Subjects 456