1.Introduction 2
Learning Objectives 2
1.1 Historical Perspective 2
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering？ 5
1.4 Classification of Materials 5
Materials of Importance-Carbonated Beverage Containers 10
1.5 Advanced Materials 11
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 13
1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Correlations 14
Summary 16
References 17
Question 17
2.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 18
Learning Objectives 19
2.1 Introduction 19
ATOMIC STRUCTURE 19
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 19
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 20
2.4 The Periodic Table 26
ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 28
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 28
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 30
2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 34
Materials of Importance-Water（Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing） 37
2.8 Molecules 38
Summary 38
Equation Summary 39
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 40
Important Terms and Concepts 40
References 40
Questions and Problems 41
3.The Structure of Crystalline Solids 44
Learning Objectives 45
3.1 Introduction 45
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 46
3.2 Fundamental Concepts 46
3.3 Unit Cells 47
3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 47
3.5 Density Computations 51
3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 52
3.7 Crystal Systems 52
Materials of Importance-Tin（Its Allotropic Transformation） 53
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS，DIRECTIONS，AND PLANES 55
3.8 Point Coordinates 55
3.9 Crystallographic Directions 57
3.10 Crystallographic Planes 64
3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 68
3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 70
CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 72
3.13 Single Crystals 72
3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 72
3.15 Anisotropy 73
3.16 X-Ray Diffraction：Determination of Crystal Structures 74
3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 79
Summary 80
Equation Summary 82
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 83
Important Terms and Concepts 83
References 83
Questions and Problems 84
4.Imperfections in Solids 90
Learning Objectives 91
4.1 Introduction 91
POINT DEFECTS 92
4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 92
4.3 Impurities in Solids 93
4.4 Specification of Composition 95
MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 99
4.5 Dislocations-Linear Defects 99
4.6 Interfacial Defects 102
Materials of Importance-Catalysts（and Surface Defects） 105
4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 106
4.8 Atomic Vibrations 106
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 107
4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 107
4.10 Microscopic Techniques 108
4.11 Grain Size Determination 113
Summary 114
Equation Summary 116
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 117
Important Terms and Concepts 118
References 118
Questions and Problems 118
Design Problems 121
5.Diffusion 122
Learning Objectives 123
5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 125
5.3 Steady-State Diffusion 126
5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 128
5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 132
5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 137
Materials of Importance-Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 140
5.7 Other Diffusion Paths 142
Summary 142
Equation Summary 143
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 144
Important Terms and Concepts 144
References 144
Questions and Problems 145
Design Problems 148
6.Mechanical Properties of Metals 150
Learning Objectives 151
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 152
ELASTIC DEFORMATION 156
6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 156
6.4 Anelasticity 159
6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 160
PLASTIC DEFORMATION 162
6.6 Tensile Properties 162
6.7 True Stress and Strain 170
6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation 173
6.9 Compressive，Shear，and Torsional Deformations 173
6.10 Hardness 174
PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 180
6.11 Variability of Material Properties 180
6.12 Design/Safety Factors 182
Summary 184
Equation Summary 186
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 187
Important Terms and Concepts 188
References 188
Questions and Problems 188
Design Problems 195
7.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 197
Learning Objectives 198
7.1 Introduction 198
DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 199
7.2 Basic Concepts 199
7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 201
7.4 Slip Systems 202
7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 204
7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 208
7.7 Deformation by Twinning 210
MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 211
7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 212
7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 213
7.10 Strain Hardening 215
RECOVERY，RECRYSTALLIZATION，AND GRAIN GROWTH 218
7.11 Recovery 219
7.12 Recrystallization 219
7.13 Grain Growth 224
Summary 225
Equation Summary 228
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 228
Important Terms and Concepts 229
References 229
Questions and Problems 229
Design Problems 233
8.Failure 234
Learning Objectives 235
8.1 Introduction 235
FRACTURE 236
8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 236
8.3 Ductile Fracture 236
8.4 Brittle Fracture 239
8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 242
8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing 250
FATIGUE 255
8.7 Cyclic Stresses 255
8.8 The S-N Curve 257
8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagation 259
8.10 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 262
8.11 Environmental Effects 264
CREEP 265
8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior 265
8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects 266
8.14 Data Extrapolation Methods 268
8.15 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 269
Summary 270
Equation Summary 273
Important Terms and Concepts 274
References 275
Questions and Problems 275
Design Problems 279
9.Phase Diagrams 281
Learning Objectives 282
9.1 Introduction 282
DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 283
9.2 Solubility Limit 283
9.3 Phases 284
9.4 Microstructure 284
9.5 Phase Equilibria 285
9.6 One-Component（or Unary） Phase Diagrams 286
BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 287
9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 287
9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 289
9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 294
9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 297
9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 298
Materials of Importance-Lead-Free Solders 304
9.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 305
9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 311
9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 313
9.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 315
9.16 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams 316
9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule 316
THE IRON-CARBON SYSTEM 319
9.18 The Iron-Iron Carbide（Fe-Fe3C） Phase Diagram 319
9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron-Carbon Alloys 322
9.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 330
Summary 331
Equation Summary 333
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 334
Important Terms and Concepts 335
References 335
Questions and Problems 335
10.Phase Transformations：Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 342
Learning Objectives 343
10.1 Introduction 343
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 344
10.2 Basic Concepts 344
10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 344
10.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 355
MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON-CARBON ALLOYS 356
10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 356
10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams 367
10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys 370
10.8 Tempered Martensite 375
10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron-Carbon Alloys 378
Materials of Importance-Shape-Memory Alloys 379
Summary 381
Equation Summary 383
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 384
Important Terms and Concepts 385
References 385
Questions and Problems 385
Design Problems 390
11.Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 391
Learning Objectives 392
11.1 Introduction 392
TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 393
11.2 Ferrous Alloys 393
11.3 Nonferrous Alloys 406
Materials of Importance-Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 416
FABRICATION OF METALS 417
11.4 Forming Operations 417
11.5 Casting 419
11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 420
THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 422
11.7 Annealing Processes 422
11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels 425
11.9 Precipitation Hardening 436
Summary 442
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 444
Important Terms and Concepts 444
References 447
Questions and Problems 447
Design Problems 449
12.Structures and Properties of Ceramics 451
Learning Objectives 452
12.1 Introduction 452
CERAMIC STRUCTURES 453
12.2 Crystal Structures 453
12.3 Silicate Ceramics 464
12.4 Carbon 468
Materials of Importance-Carbon Nanotubes 471
12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 472
12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials 476
12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 476
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 480
12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 480
12.9 Stress-Strain Behavior 485
12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 487
12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations 489
Summary 491
Equation Summary 494
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 494
Important Terms and Concepts 495
References 495
Questions and Problems 495
Design Problems 500
13.Applications and Processing of Ceramics 501
Learning Objectives 502
13.1 Introduction 502
TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS 503
13.2 Glasses 503
13.3 Glass-Ceramics 503
13.4 Clay Products 505
13.5 Refractories 505
13.6 Abrasives 507
13.7 Cements 508
13.8 Advanced Ceramics 509
Materials of Importance-Piezoelectric Ceramics 512
FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS 512
13.9 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 513
13.10 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 518
13.11 Powder Pressing 523
13.12 Tape Casting 525
Summary 526
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 528
Important Terms and Concepts 529
References 530
Questions and Problems 530
Design Problem 531
14.Polymer Structures 532
Learning Objectives 533
14.1 Introduction 533
14.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 534
14.3 Polymer Molecules 535
14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 537
14.5 Molecular Weight 541
14.6 Molecular Shape 544
14.7 Molecular Structure 545
14.8 Molecular Configurations 547
14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 550
14.10 Copolymers 551
14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 552
14.12 Polymer Crystals 556
14.13 Defects in Polymers 558
14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials 559
Summary 561
Equation Summary 563
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 564
Important Terms and Concepts 565
References 565
Questions and Problems 565
15.Characteristics，Applications，and Processing of Polymers 569
Learning Objectives 570
15.1 Introduction 570
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS 570
15.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 570
15.3 Macroscopic Deformation 573
15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 574
15.5 Fracture of Polymers 578
15.6 Miscellaneous Mechanical Characteristics 580
MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 581
15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 581
15.8 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 582
Materials of Importance-Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 587
15.9 Deformation of Elastomers 588
CRYSTALLIZATION，MELTING，AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 590
15.10 Crystallization 590
15.11 Melting 592
15.12 The Glass Transition 592
15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 592
15.14 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 594
POLYMER TYPES 596
15.15 Plastics 596
Materials of Importance- Phenolic Billiard Balls 598
15.16 Elastomers 599
15.17 Fibers 601
15.18 Miscerianeous Applications 601
15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials 603
POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 607
15.20 Polymerization 607
15.21 Polymer Additives 610
15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics 611
15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers 614
15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 614
Summary 616
Equation Summary 619
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 619
Important Terms and Concepts 620
References 620
Questions and Problems 621
Design Questions 625
16.Composites 626
Learning Objectives 627
16.1 Introduction 627
PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 629
16.2 Large-Particle Composites 630
16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 634
FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 634
16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 634
16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 636
16.6 The Fiber Phase 645
16.7 The Matrix Phase 646
16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 647
16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 653
16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 655
16.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites 656
16.12 Hybrid Composites 657
16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 657
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 660
16.14 Laminar Composites 660
16.15 Sandwich Panels 661
Materials of Importance -Nanocomposites in Tennis Balls 662
Summary 663
Equation Summary 666
Important Terms and Concepts 667
References 667
Questions and Problems 668
Design Problems 671
17.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 673
Learning Objectives 674
17.1 Introduction 674
CORROSION OF METALS 675
17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 675
17.3 Corrosion Rates 682
17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 683
17.5 Passivity 690
17.6 Environmental Effects 692
17.7 Forms of Corrosion 692
17.8 Corrosion Environments 700
17.9 Corrosion Prevention 701
17.10 Oxidation 703
CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 706
DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 707
17.11 Swelling and Dissolution 707
17.12 Bond Rupture 709
17.13 Weathering 710
Summary 711
Equation Summary 713
Important Terms and Concepts 714
References 715
Questions and Problems 715
Design Problems 718
18.Electrical Properties 719
Learning Objectives 720
18.1 Introduction 720
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 721
18.2 Ohm’s Law 721
18.3 Electrical Conductivity 721
18.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 722
18.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 722
18.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 725
18.7 Electron Mobility 727
18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 728
18.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 731
Materials of Importance-Aluminum Electrical Wires 731
SEMICONDUCTIVITY 733
18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 733
18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 736
18.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 740
18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility 742
18.14 The Hall Effect 746
18.15 Semiconductor Devices 748
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 754
18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 755
18.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 756
DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 757
18.18 Capacitance 757
18.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 759
18.20 Types of Polarization 762
18.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 764
18.22 Dielectric Strength 765
18.23 Dielectric Materials 765
OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 765
18.24 Ferroelectricity 766
18.25 Piezoelectricity 767
Summary 767
Equation Summary 770
Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 772
Important Terms and Concepts 773
References 774
Questions and Problems 774
Design Problems 779
19.Thermal Properties 781
Learning Objectives 782
19.1 Introduction 782
19.2 Heat Capacity 782
19.3 Thermal Expansion 785
Materials of Importance -Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 788
19.4 Thermal Conductivity 789
19.5 Thermal Stresses 792
Summary 794
Equation Summary 795
Important Terms and Concepts 796
References 796
Questions and Problems 796
Design Problems 798
20.Magnetic Properties 800
Learning Objectives 801
20.1 Introduction 801
20.2 Basic Concepts 801
20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 805
20.4 Ferromagnetism 807
20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 809
20.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 813
20.7 Domains and Hysteresis 814
20.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 818
20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 819
Materials of Importance-An Iron-Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores 821
20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 822
20.11 Magnetic Storage 825
20.12 Superconductivity 828
Summary 832
Equation Summary 834
Important Terms and Concepts 835
References 835
Questions and Problems 835
Design Problems 839
21.Optical Properties 840
Learning Objectives 841
21.1 Introduction 841
BASIC CONCEPTS 841
21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 841
21.3 Light Interactions with Solids 843
21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 844
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 845
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS 846
21.5 Refraction 846
21.6 Reflection 848
21.7 Absorption 849
21.8 Transmission 852
21.9 Color 853
21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 854
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA 855
21.11 Luminescence 855
Materials of Importance-Light-Emitting Diodes 856
21.12 Photoconductivity 858
21.13 Lasers 858
21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 863
Summary 865
Equation Summary 868
Important Terms and Concepts 869
References 869
Questions and Problems 869
Design Problem 871
22.Economic，Environmental，and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 872
Learning Objectives 873
22.1 Introduction 873
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 873
22.2 Component Design 874
22.3 Materials 874
22.4 Manufacturing Techniques 875
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS 875
22.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 878
Materials of Importance-Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/ Plastics 881
Summary 884
References 884
Design Questions 885
Appendix A The International System of Units（SI） 887
Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials 889
B.1 Density 889
B.2 Modulus of Elasticity 892
B.3 Poisson’s Ratio 896
B.4 Strength and Ductility 897
B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 902
B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 903
B.7 Thermal Conductivity 907
B.8 Specific Heat 910
B.9 Electrical Resistivity 912
B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions 915
Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials 917
Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers 922
Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials 926
Glossary 927
Answers to Selected Problems 942
Index 947