Materials science and engineeringPDF电子书下载

1.Introduction 2

Learning Objectives 2

1.1 Historical Perspective 2

1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 3

1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering？ 5

1.4 Classification of Materials 5

Materials of Importance-Carbonated Beverage Containers 10

1.5 Advanced Materials 11

1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 13

1.7 Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Correlations 14

Summary 16

References 17

Question 17

2.Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 18

Learning Objectives 19

2.1 Introduction 19

ATOMIC STRUCTURE 19

2.2 Fundamental Concepts 19

2.3 Electrons in Atoms 20

2.4 The Periodic Table 26

ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 28

2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 28

2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 30

2.7 Secondary Bonding or van der Waals Bonding 34

Materials of Importance-Water（Its Volume Expansion Upon Freezing） 37

2.8 Molecules 38

Summary 38

Equation Summary 39

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 40

Important Terms and Concepts 40

References 40

Questions and Problems 41

3.The Structure of Crystalline Solids 44

Learning Objectives 45

3.1 Introduction 45

CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 46

3.2 Fundamental Concepts 46

3.3 Unit Cells 47

3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 47

3.5 Density Computations 51

3.6 Polymorphism and Allotropy 52

3.7 Crystal Systems 52

Materials of Importance-Tin（Its Allotropic Transformation） 53

CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC POINTS，DIRECTIONS，AND PLANES 55

3.8 Point Coordinates 55

3.9 Crystallographic Directions 57

3.10 Crystallographic Planes 64

3.11 Linear and Planar Densities 68

3.12 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 70

CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 72

3.13 Single Crystals 72

3.14 Polycrystalline Materials 72

3.15 Anisotropy 73

3.16 X-Ray Diffraction：Determination of Crystal Structures 74

3.17 Noncrystalline Solids 79

Summary 80

Equation Summary 82

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 83

Important Terms and Concepts 83

References 83

Questions and Problems 84

4.Imperfections in Solids 90

Learning Objectives 91

4.1 Introduction 91

POINT DEFECTS 92

4.2 Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 92

4.3 Impurities in Solids 93

4.4 Specification of Composition 95

MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 99

4.5 Dislocations-Linear Defects 99

4.6 Interfacial Defects 102

Materials of Importance-Catalysts（and Surface Defects） 105

4.7 Bulk or Volume Defects 106

4.8 Atomic Vibrations 106

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 107

4.9 Basic Concepts of Microscopy 107

4.10 Microscopic Techniques 108

4.11 Grain Size Determination 113

Summary 114

Equation Summary 116

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 117

Important Terms and Concepts 118

References 118

Questions and Problems 118

Design Problems 121

5.Diffusion 122

Learning Objectives 123

5.1 Introduction 123

5.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 125

5.3 Steady-State Diffusion 126

5.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 128

5.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 132

5.6 Diffusion in Semiconducting Materials 137

Materials of Importance-Aluminum for Integrated Circuit Interconnects 140

5.7 Other Diffusion Paths 142

Summary 142

Equation Summary 143

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 144

Important Terms and Concepts 144

References 144

Questions and Problems 145

Design Problems 148

6.Mechanical Properties of Metals 150

Learning Objectives 151

6.1 Introduction 151

6.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 152

ELASTIC DEFORMATION 156

6.3 Stress-Strain Behavior 156

6.4 Anelasticity 159

6.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 160

PLASTIC DEFORMATION 162

6.6 Tensile Properties 162

6.7 True Stress and Strain 170

6.8 Elastic Recovery After Plastic Deformation 173

6.9 Compressive，Shear，and Torsional Deformations 173

6.10 Hardness 174

PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 180

6.11 Variability of Material Properties 180

6.12 Design/Safety Factors 182

Summary 184

Equation Summary 186

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 187

Important Terms and Concepts 188

References 188

Questions and Problems 188

Design Problems 195

7.Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms 197

Learning Objectives 198

7.1 Introduction 198

DISLOCATIONS AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION 199

7.2 Basic Concepts 199

7.3 Characteristics of Dislocations 201

7.4 Slip Systems 202

7.5 Slip in Single Crystals 204

7.6 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Materials 208

7.7 Deformation by Twinning 210

MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 211

7.8 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 212

7.9 Solid-Solution Strengthening 213

7.10 Strain Hardening 215

RECOVERY，RECRYSTALLIZATION，AND GRAIN GROWTH 218

7.11 Recovery 219

7.12 Recrystallization 219

7.13 Grain Growth 224

Summary 225

Equation Summary 228

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 228

Important Terms and Concepts 229

References 229

Questions and Problems 229

Design Problems 233

8.Failure 234

Learning Objectives 235

8.1 Introduction 235

FRACTURE 236

8.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 236

8.3 Ductile Fracture 236

8.4 Brittle Fracture 239

8.5 Principles of Fracture Mechanics 242

8.6 Fracture Toughness Testing 250

FATIGUE 255

8.7 Cyclic Stresses 255

8.8 The S-N Curve 257

8.9 Crack Initiation and Propagation 259

8.10 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 262

8.11 Environmental Effects 264

CREEP 265

8.12 Generalized Creep Behavior 265

8.13 Stress and Temperature Effects 266

8.14 Data Extrapolation Methods 268

8.15 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 269

Summary 270

Equation Summary 273

Important Terms and Concepts 274

References 275

Questions and Problems 275

Design Problems 279

9.Phase Diagrams 281

Learning Objectives 282

9.1 Introduction 282

DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 283

9.2 Solubility Limit 283

9.3 Phases 284

9.4 Microstructure 284

9.5 Phase Equilibria 285

9.6 One-Component（or Unary） Phase Diagrams 286

BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS 287

9.7 Binary Isomorphous Systems 287

9.8 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 289

9.9 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys 294

9.10 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 297

9.11 Binary Eutectic Systems 298

Materials of Importance-Lead-Free Solders 304

9.12 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys 305

9.13 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 311

9.14 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 313

9.15 Congruent Phase Transformations 315

9.16 Ceramic and Ternary Phase Diagrams 316

9.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule 316

THE IRON-CARBON SYSTEM 319

9.18 The Iron-Iron Carbide（Fe-Fe3C） Phase Diagram 319

9.19 Development of Microstructure in Iron-Carbon Alloys 322

9.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements 330

Summary 331

Equation Summary 333

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 334

Important Terms and Concepts 335

References 335

Questions and Problems 335

10.Phase Transformations：Development of Microstructure and Alteration of Mechanical Properties 342

Learning Objectives 343

10.1 Introduction 343

PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS 344

10.2 Basic Concepts 344

10.3 The Kinetics of Phase Transformations 344

10.4 Metastable Versus Equilibrium States 355

MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON-CARBON ALLOYS 356

10.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 356

10.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams 367

10.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys 370

10.8 Tempered Martensite 375

10.9 Review of Phase Transformations and Mechanical Properties for Iron-Carbon Alloys 378

Materials of Importance-Shape-Memory Alloys 379

Summary 381

Equation Summary 383

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 384

Important Terms and Concepts 385

References 385

Questions and Problems 385

Design Problems 390

11.Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys 391

Learning Objectives 392

11.1 Introduction 392

TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 393

11.2 Ferrous Alloys 393

11.3 Nonferrous Alloys 406

Materials of Importance-Metal Alloys Used for Euro Coins 416

FABRICATION OF METALS 417

11.4 Forming Operations 417

11.5 Casting 419

11.6 Miscellaneous Techniques 420

THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS 422

11.7 Annealing Processes 422

11.8 Heat Treatment of Steels 425

11.9 Precipitation Hardening 436

Summary 442

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 444

Important Terms and Concepts 444

References 447

Questions and Problems 447

Design Problems 449

12.Structures and Properties of Ceramics 451

Learning Objectives 452

12.1 Introduction 452

CERAMIC STRUCTURES 453

12.2 Crystal Structures 453

12.3 Silicate Ceramics 464

12.4 Carbon 468

Materials of Importance-Carbon Nanotubes 471

12.5 Imperfections in Ceramics 472

12.6 Diffusion in Ionic Materials 476

12.7 Ceramic Phase Diagrams 476

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 480

12.8 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 480

12.9 Stress-Strain Behavior 485

12.10 Mechanisms of Plastic Deformation 487

12.11 Miscellaneous Mechanical Considerations 489

Summary 491

Equation Summary 494

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 494

Important Terms and Concepts 495

References 495

Questions and Problems 495

Design Problems 500

13.Applications and Processing of Ceramics 501

Learning Objectives 502

13.1 Introduction 502

TYPES AND APPLICATIONS OF CERAMICS 503

13.2 Glasses 503

13.3 Glass-Ceramics 503

13.4 Clay Products 505

13.5 Refractories 505

13.6 Abrasives 507

13.7 Cements 508

13.8 Advanced Ceramics 509

Materials of Importance-Piezoelectric Ceramics 512

FABRICATION AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS 512

13.9 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses and Glass-Ceramics 513

13.10 Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products 518

13.11 Powder Pressing 523

13.12 Tape Casting 525

Summary 526

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 528

Important Terms and Concepts 529

References 530

Questions and Problems 530

Design Problem 531

14.Polymer Structures 532

Learning Objectives 533

14.1 Introduction 533

14.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 534

14.3 Polymer Molecules 535

14.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 537

14.5 Molecular Weight 541

14.6 Molecular Shape 544

14.7 Molecular Structure 545

14.8 Molecular Configurations 547

14.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 550

14.10 Copolymers 551

14.11 Polymer Crystallinity 552

14.12 Polymer Crystals 556

14.13 Defects in Polymers 558

14.14 Diffusion in Polymeric Materials 559

Summary 561

Equation Summary 563

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 564

Important Terms and Concepts 565

References 565

Questions and Problems 565

15.Characteristics，Applications，and Processing of Polymers 569

Learning Objectives 570

15.1 Introduction 570

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYMERS 570

15.2 Stress-Strain Behavior 570

15.3 Macroscopic Deformation 573

15.4 Viscoelastic Deformation 574

15.5 Fracture of Polymers 578

15.6 Miscellaneous Mechanical Characteristics 580

MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF POLYMERS 581

15.7 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 581

15.8 Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers 582

Materials of Importance-Shrink-Wrap Polymer Films 587

15.9 Deformation of Elastomers 588

CRYSTALLIZATION，MELTING，AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN POLYMERS 590

15.10 Crystallization 590

15.11 Melting 592

15.12 The Glass Transition 592

15.13 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 592

15.14 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 594

POLYMER TYPES 596

15.15 Plastics 596

Materials of Importance- Phenolic Billiard Balls 598

15.16 Elastomers 599

15.17 Fibers 601

15.18 Miscerianeous Applications 601

15.19 Advanced Polymeric Materials 603

POLYMER SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING 607

15.20 Polymerization 607

15.21 Polymer Additives 610

15.22 Forming Techniques for Plastics 611

15.23 Fabrication of Elastomers 614

15.24 Fabrication of Fibers and Films 614

Summary 616

Equation Summary 619

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 619

Important Terms and Concepts 620

References 620

Questions and Problems 621

Design Questions 625

16.Composites 626

Learning Objectives 627

16.1 Introduction 627

PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 629

16.2 Large-Particle Composites 630

16.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites 634

FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES 634

16.4 Influence of Fiber Length 634

16.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration 636

16.6 The Fiber Phase 645

16.7 The Matrix Phase 646

16.8 Polymer-Matrix Composites 647

16.9 Metal-Matrix Composites 653

16.10 Ceramic-Matrix Composites 655

16.11 Carbon-Carbon Composites 656

16.12 Hybrid Composites 657

16.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites 657

STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES 660

16.14 Laminar Composites 660

16.15 Sandwich Panels 661

Materials of Importance -Nanocomposites in Tennis Balls 662

Summary 663

Equation Summary 666

Important Terms and Concepts 667

References 667

Questions and Problems 668

Design Problems 671

17.Corrosion and Degradation of Materials 673

Learning Objectives 674

17.1 Introduction 674

CORROSION OF METALS 675

17.2 Electrochemical Considerations 675

17.3 Corrosion Rates 682

17.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates 683

17.5 Passivity 690

17.6 Environmental Effects 692

17.7 Forms of Corrosion 692

17.8 Corrosion Environments 700

17.9 Corrosion Prevention 701

17.10 Oxidation 703

CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS 706

DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS 707

17.11 Swelling and Dissolution 707

17.12 Bond Rupture 709

17.13 Weathering 710

Summary 711

Equation Summary 713

Important Terms and Concepts 714

References 715

Questions and Problems 715

Design Problems 718

18.Electrical Properties 719

Learning Objectives 720

18.1 Introduction 720

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 721

18.2 Ohm’s Law 721

18.3 Electrical Conductivity 721

18.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 722

18.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 722

18.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 725

18.7 Electron Mobility 727

18.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 728

18.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 731

Materials of Importance-Aluminum Electrical Wires 731

SEMICONDUCTIVITY 733

18.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 733

18.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 736

18.12 The Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentration 740

18.13 Factors That Affect Carrier Mobility 742

18.14 The Hall Effect 746

18.15 Semiconductor Devices 748

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 754

18.16 Conduction in Ionic Materials 755

18.17 Electrical Properties of Polymers 756

DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 757

18.18 Capacitance 757

18.19 Field Vectors and Polarization 759

18.20 Types of Polarization 762

18.21 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant 764

18.22 Dielectric Strength 765

18.23 Dielectric Materials 765

OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 765

18.24 Ferroelectricity 766

18.25 Piezoelectricity 767

Summary 767

Equation Summary 770

Processing/Structure/Properties/Performance Summary 772

Important Terms and Concepts 773

References 774

Questions and Problems 774

Design Problems 779

19.Thermal Properties 781

Learning Objectives 782

19.1 Introduction 782

19.2 Heat Capacity 782

19.3 Thermal Expansion 785

Materials of Importance -Invar and Other Low-Expansion Alloys 788

19.4 Thermal Conductivity 789

19.5 Thermal Stresses 792

Summary 794

Equation Summary 795

Important Terms and Concepts 796

References 796

Questions and Problems 796

Design Problems 798

20.Magnetic Properties 800

Learning Objectives 801

20.1 Introduction 801

20.2 Basic Concepts 801

20.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism 805

20.4 Ferromagnetism 807

20.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism 809

20.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior 813

20.7 Domains and Hysteresis 814

20.8 Magnetic Anisotropy 818

20.9 Soft Magnetic Materials 819

Materials of Importance-An Iron-Silicon Alloy That Is Used in Transformer Cores 821

20.10 Hard Magnetic Materials 822

20.11 Magnetic Storage 825

20.12 Superconductivity 828

Summary 832

Equation Summary 834

Important Terms and Concepts 835

References 835

Questions and Problems 835

Design Problems 839

21.Optical Properties 840

Learning Objectives 841

21.1 Introduction 841

BASIC CONCEPTS 841

21.2 Electromagnetic Radiation 841

21.3 Light Interactions with Solids 843

21.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions 844

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS 845

OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS 846

21.5 Refraction 846

21.6 Reflection 848

21.7 Absorption 849

21.8 Transmission 852

21.9 Color 853

21.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators 854

APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA 855

21.11 Luminescence 855

Materials of Importance-Light-Emitting Diodes 856

21.12 Photoconductivity 858

21.13 Lasers 858

21.14 Optical Fibers in Communications 863

Summary 865

Equation Summary 868

Important Terms and Concepts 869

References 869

Questions and Problems 869

Design Problem 871

22.Economic，Environmental，and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 872

Learning Objectives 873

22.1 Introduction 873

ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS 873

22.2 Component Design 874

22.3 Materials 874

22.4 Manufacturing Techniques 875

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS 875

22.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering 878

Materials of Importance-Biodegradable and Biorenewable Polymers/ Plastics 881

Summary 884

References 884

Design Questions 885

Appendix A The International System of Units（SI） 887

Appendix B Properties of Selected Engineering Materials 889

B.1 Density 889

B.2 Modulus of Elasticity 892

B.3 Poisson’s Ratio 896

B.4 Strength and Ductility 897

B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 902

B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 903

B.7 Thermal Conductivity 907

B.8 Specific Heat 910

B.9 Electrical Resistivity 912

B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions 915

Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials 917

Appendix D Repeat Unit Structures for Common Polymers 922

Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials 926

Glossary 927

Answers to Selected Problems 942

Index 947