Ⅰ.HISTORY AND SOURCES OF THE LAW 1
Ⅰ.INTRODUCTION 1
1.The claims of Roman Law 1
2.The constitutional and historical background 3
The struggle between the Orders, and the Republican constitu- tion 3
The later Republic 7
The Principate 10
The Dominate 12
Ⅱ.SOURCES OF THE LAW 14
1.Statutes 14
Lex and plebiscitum 14
Senatusconsulta 16
Constitutiones principis 17
2.Edicts of Magistrates 19
The general function of the Praetor 19
The particular function of the Praetor 23
Character of the ius honorarium 26
Actions and procedure of the late law 27
3.Juristic Interpretation 28
Interpretation prudentium 28
Ius respondendi 31
The Sabinian and Proculian Schools 32
Forms of legal literature 33
The ‘classical period’ 34
The Institutes of Gaius 34
The post-classical period 36
Ⅲ.THE WORK OF JUSTINIAN 38
The Corpus Iuris Civilis 39
Character of the Digest 42
Ⅳ.THE SECOND LIFE OF ROMAN LAW 45
Survival in the East 45
Survival and revival in the West 46
The Reception of Roman law 48
The Humanist revival 50
Natural law 50
Codification and the modern Civil law 51
The modern historical study of Roman law 53
Ⅴ.IUS NA TURALE, IUS GENTIUM 54
Ⅱ.LAW OF PERSONS 60
Introductory.The arrangement of the Institutes 60
Formalism 61
1.Main features of the law 64
Citizens and non-citizens 64
The Roman family -patria potestas 65
Proprietary incapacity of filiusfamilias 68
Position of slaves, in law and in fact 69
2.Creation and termination of slavery 71
How slavery arises 71
How slavery ends—manumission 72
Consequences of manumission 75
Public control of manumission 76
3.Creation and termination of patria potestas 76
How patria potestas arises 76
How patria potestas ends 79
4.Marriage 80
Main characteristics 80
Manus 82
Iustae nuptiae and non-Roman marriage 83
Concubinage 83
Legitimation 84
Divorce 85
Matrimonial property 87
5.Guardianship 90
Tutela impuberum 90
Cura minorum 93
Other forms of guardianship 95
6.Capitis deminutio 96
Ⅲ.LAW OF PROPERTY 98
Introductory.The Law of Things 98
1.Fundamental Distinctions 99
Property and obligations—actions and rights in rem and in per- sonam 99
Contract and conveyance 103
Classifications of res 105
Ownership and possession 107
2.Possession 107
Protection of possession 108
Importance of possession 109
Who has possession? 110
Possession as a fact 114
3.Modes of acquisition of corporeal things 115
4.Derivative modes—Conveyances 116
Mancipatio, in iure cessio 116
Traditio 117
5.Original Civil Mode—Prescription 120
Introductory—limitation and prescription 120
Usucapio 122
The bonitary owner and the bona fide possessor 125
Longi temporis praescriptio and Justinian’s reforms 128
Modern law and the inviolability of ownership 129
6.Original natural modes 130
Occupatio 130
Increment by rivers 132
Merger 133
Specificatio 136
Acquisition of fruits 138
Treasure trove 140
7.Servitudes 140
Introductory—iura in re aliena 140
Praedialservitudes 141
Personal servitudes 144
The Roman law of servitudes and modern law 147
8.Other iura in re aliena 148
Emphyteusis and superficies 148
Real security 149
9.Ownership 153
Ⅳ.LAW OF OBLIGATIONS 158
Introduction 158
Ⅰ.CONTRACTS 159
1.Historical Development 159
The idea of debt 159
Promissory and ‘real’ debt 160
The consensual contracts 161
Unilateral and bilateral contracts 162
Stricti iuris and bonae fidei actions 163
The classification of Gaius and Justinian 164
Law of contracts, not law of contract 165
Methods of contracting and types of contract 166
2.The Informal Contracts 167
（a） The real contracts 167
The individual contracts 167
Obligations re in Gaius 168
Relative unimportance of the real contracts 169
Standards of care 169
（b） The consensual contracts 171
（1） Sale （emptio venditio） 171
Formation of the contract 172
Effects of the contract 178
Duties of the seller 180
Duties of the buyer 182
（2） Hire （locatio conductio） 182
Scope and character 182
Formation of the contract 184
Effects of the contract 185
（3） Partnership （societas） 185
Formation of the contract 185
Incidents of the contract 186
（4） Mandate （mandatum） 187
（c） Innominate contracts 189
（d） Pacts 191
3.The Formal Contracts 193
（a） The contract verbis—the stipulatio 193
Classical form 193
Function 193
Degeneration 194
（b） The contract literis 196
The classical contract 196
The contract of Justinian’s Institutes 197
4.Discharge of Obligations 198
5.Privity of Contract 199
The principle 199
Novation and delegation 199
Assignment 200
Agency 201
6.Suretyship 204
7.Modern Civil law 205
Ⅱ.DELICT AND QUASI-DELICT 207
1.Introduction 207
Crime and delict 207
Penal character of delictal actions 209
The classification of the Institutes 210
2.Furtum and Rapina 211
Archaic features 212
What constitutes furtum 212
The plaintiff 214
Reipersecutory actions 215
Rapina 215
3.Iniuria 215
Classical scope of the delict 215
Earlier development 216
Penal character 217
4.Damnum iniuria datum 218
Lex Aquilia 218
Essential elements of the delict 218
5.Praetorian delicts 222
6.Noxal liability 223
Noxal surrender 223
Damage by animals 224
7.Quasi-delict 224
8.Modern law 226
Civil law 226
Common law 226
Ⅲ.QUASI-CONTRACT 227
Negotiorum gestio 227
The condictio 229
Unjust enrichment 231
Ⅴ.LAW OF SUCCESSION 234
1.General Principles—Civil law 235
Universal succession 235
Heres, hereditas 236
Types of heres 237
Devices to mitigate the inconveniences of universal succession 239
Semel heres, semper heres 241
2.Praetorian law—Bonorum possessio 243
General principles of bonorum possessio 243
Remedies of the bonorum possessor 245
3.Intestate Succession 246
Preliminary notions 246
Civil law 247
Bonorum possessio ab intestato 248
The system of the Novels 250
4.Testamentary Succession 251
The early will 253
Bonorum possessio secundum tabulas； the ‘Praetorian will’ 254
Later forms of will 255
Internal requirements of a will 257
Substitutions 258
Restrictions on the power of testation 26o 258
5.Gifts out of the Inheritance 264
Forms of legacy 264
Restrictions on amount of legacies—lex Falcidia 266
Donatio mortis causa 266
Fideicommissa 267
Assimilation of fideicommissum, legacy, and donatio mortis causa 269
Codicils 270
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 271
INDEX 273