1 Documentation 1
Digital Imaging 1
Forensic Digital Imaging 1
2 The Transition from 35-mm Film to Digital Imaging 11
Introduction 11
4×5 Sheet Film Cameras 12
The 120 Roll Film Cameras 13
The 35-mm SLR 13
Other Camera Types 15
The Snapshot Camera 15
The Polaroid Camera 16
The Disposable or Single-Use Camera 17
Film 18
Proper Evidentiary Handling and Storage of Film 19
3 Digital Camera Hardware 21
The Digital Point-and-Shoot Camera 21
The Digital Camera Body 21
The Menu 21
Image Numbering 21
The Lenses 22
Aperture 26
Focusing the SLR Camera 26
Aperture Preview 26
Shutter 27
Exposure 28
Remote Shutter Release 30
Resolution 31
ASA, DIN, and ISO 32
Hyperfocal Distance 32
4 Digital Imaging 33
Introduction 33
Money 33
Protection 34
Cases 34
Camera Strap 35
The Ultraviolet Filter 36
The Camera 37
Flash or Strobe 37
Automatic versus Manual 40
Settings 42
Shutter 42
Slave 43
The "Normal" Lens 44
The Telephoto Lens 44
The Wide-Angle Lens 45
The Macro Lens 45
Lighting with the Macro Lens 46
Using the Flash on Your Camera 50
The On-and-Off Switch 50
Turn the Camera Upside Down 50
List Photo Images 52
The 90-Degree Rule 53
Perspective Images 55
The Scale 55
Exculpatory Evidence 58
Extreme Conditions 58
18 7.01965E-318ray Card 60
5 Light 61
Introduction 61
Ambient Light 61
Color Temperature 62
Color Rendering Index 63
Flash/Strobe 64
Direct Flash 65
Indirect Flash 66
Fill Light 67
Subtractive Light 67
Additive Light 67
Ambient or Available Light 68
Painting with Light 68
Ring Light 70
Diffusing Your On-Camera Flash with Tissue 70
Other Lighting Equipment 70
Snoot 73
Barn Doors 73
Umbrella 74
6 Filters 75
Introduction 75
Polarizing Filter 75
Band-Pass and Band-Block Filters 77
Filter Factors 77
Color-Compensating Filters 77
Kodak Light-Balancing Filters 78
Conversion Filters for Color Films 78
Stacking Filters 78
Neutral-Density Filters 78
Infrared and Ultraviolet Filters 81
7 Macro/Micro Imaging 83
Introduction 83
Photo Image Evidence at 90 Degrees to the Object 83
Bench Imaging 85
Backgrounds 85
Handguns 86
The Scale 88
Studio in a Box 90
The Light Box 92
Rope Caulk 94
Helping Hands 95
The Tripod 96
8 Law 101
The Lay Witness 101
The Professional Witness 101
The Expert Witness 101
The Nature of Law 101
Miranda Warnings 104
Types of Witnesses 105
The Lay Witness 105
The Professional Witness 106
The Expert Witness 107
Qualifying an Expert Witness 114
General 114
Practice 114
Certification 114
Membership in Forensic Organizations 115
Studies and Continuing Education 115
Teaching of Forensic Science 115
Lectures 115
Publications 115
Research 115
Court Experience 115
Reports 115
Changes 116
Daubert 117
Frye 118
9 Enhancement of Images 123
Introduction 123
Scientific Working Group on Imaging Technology 123
History 123
The Mission Statement of SWGIT 123
Admissibility of Digital Images 124
"Doctored" Images 124
Cover Letter, Richard W. Vorder Bruegge, Former SWGIT Chair 125
Photo Image Enhancement Log 128
Photoshop 128
ACDSee Pro 128
Enhancing a Latent Fingerprint 128
Latent Lift 130
Bare Footprint Developed with Ninhydrin 131
10 Footwear and Tire Impressions 137
Introduction 137
Casting 137
Equipment 137
Footwear 138
Tire Impressions 143
11 Digital Panoramic Camera Scanning 147
Scene Scanning 147
The System 147
Photogrammetry 147
The Scene 149
Panorama Imaging: Ultraviolet/Infrared 152
Surveillance 152
Preventive Measures 155
12 Death Investigation 159
Introduction 159
The Coroner or Medical Examiner 159
Official Photos of the Scene 159
The Scene 161
Overall or Establishing Photos 162
Perspective Photos 162
Unexpected Objects and Evidence 163
Types of Images Taken during a Death Investigation 163
Cases 164
13 Morgue Photo Imaging 185
Introduction 185
At the Scene 185
Universal Precautions 185
At the Morgue 187
Sequencing 187
Lighting 191
The Body 191
ID Photo Image 192
Scales 193
Hands 194
Wounds 200
Lividity 206
Scars, Marks, and Tattoos 206
Fingerprints 207
Clothing 211
14 Taphonomic and Entomological Imaging 215
Introduction 215
The Scene 215
The Body 215
Insects 216
Maggot Mass and Maggot Migration 221
Containers 222
Vehicles 226
Water Recovery 227
Bones 228
The Autopsy 228
15 Auto Processing 231
Introduction 231
Exterior 231
Interior 234
Compartments and Hidey-Holes 242
Trunk and Engine 245
16 Fingerprints 249
Latent Prints 249
General Rules 249
Fingerprints on Glass 250
Fingerprints on Curved Glass 251
Feathers 254
Prints on Pills and Capsules 255
Prints on Stainless Steel 258
Prints on Toilet Seats 258
17 Burglary 261
Introduction 261
Exterior 261
Interior 261
Alarm 261
Locks 264
Items of Interest 267
18 Storage of Digital Media 271
The Media 271
Storage 271
19 Fire and Arson Scene 275
Introduction 275
The Scene 275
Lighting 275
Flash 277
Marking Areas 278
Point of Origin 282
Artifacts 282
Crowd 283
Digital Imaging 285
20 Sex Offenses 287
Introduction 287
Dispatch 287
The Scene 287
Victim at the Morgue 288
Victim at the Hospital 288
Meeting the Victim 289
Photo Imaging the Victim 290
Injuries 290
Bruising 291
Clothing 294
Children 295
21 Trace Evidence and Microscopy 297
Introduction 297
Images through a Microscope 297
Microscope Camera 297
The Nikon Microphot 297
Modification 300
22 Blood 303
Introduction 303
Luminol 306
Blowback: Blood in Gun Barrel 307
23 Ultraviolet and Infrared Imaging 313
Introduction 313
UV Light Sources 313
Body Fluids 314
Insects 315
Tattoos 316
Infrared Light 316
Fuji IS Pro UVIR Camera 317
Filters for Use with the Fuji IS Pro Camera 322
Other Considerations 324
24 Digital Photo Imaging Microscope 325
VHX-1000 and Forensic Inspection 325
Handheld Integration 325
Lenses 326
Multiangle Stand 330
High-Resolution Imaging 330
High Dynamic Range 332
Documentation and Measurement Tools 334
3D Composition and Measurement 336
25 SWGIT 339
Introduction 339
Disclaimer 341
Bibliography 343
Appendix A: Glossary 345
Appendix B: Photo I.D. Card 357
Index 359