1. Understanding Crime: The Prime Context 1
Predator 1
Crime 3
Lay Explanations of Crime 4
Scientific Explanations of Crime 6
Rapprochement 8
In Context 8
The Organization of This Book 9
Conclusion 12
Key Terms and Concepts 13
2. Latent Structure: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Dimensional Context 14
The Self-Mutilator 14
What Is Latent Structure? 15
The Taxometric Method 16
Identifying the Number of Dimensions or Classes 18
Behavioral Dimensions of a Criminal Lifestyle 23
Cognitive Dimensions of a Criminal Lifestyle 24
General Belief Systems 25
Schematic Subnetworks 27
Specific Criminal Thoughts 30
Why Should We Care About Latent Structure? 30
Theoretical Implications 31
Research Implications 31
Practical Implications 32
Conclusion 33
Key Terms and Concepts 34
3. Classification: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Diagnostic Context 35
Mr. Consistency 35
Diagnostic Functions 36
Essentials of Categorical Diagnosis 38
Essentials of Dimensional Diagnosis 39
Constructing a Dimensional Diagnosis for the Criminal Lifestyle 40
Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form 40
Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles 47
Analyzing Trends and Identifying Patterns 56
Trend and Pattern Analysis of Will's Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles 56
Trend and Pattern Analysis of Pete's Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles 58
Trend and Pattern Analysis of Rick 's Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form and Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles 60
Conclusion 62
Key Terms and Concepts 63
4. Assessment: The Criminal Lifestyle in an Appraisal Context 64
Tuesday's Child 64
Clinical Forensic Assessment 66
Construct Assessment 67
Risk Assessment 67
Broadband Clinical Forensic Assessment Instruments 69
Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form 69
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised 72
Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles 74
Level of Service Inventory-Revised 77
Prediction-Oriented and Management-Oriented Risk Assessment 80
Narrowband Clinical Forensic Assessment Instruments 81
General Violence 81
Domestic Violence 82
Sexual Violence 83
Clinical Forensic Evaluation of Grace 83
Construct Assessment 86
Risk Assessment 86
Overall Impression 86
Conclusion 87
Key Terms and Concepts 88
5. Development or Propensity: The Criminal Lifestyle in an Etiological Context 89
Born Under a Bad Sign 89
Development Versus Propensity in Explaining Crime 92
Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy 92
Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control 94
Hare's Psychopathy Construct 96
Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory of Crime 97
Strengths and Weaknesses of the Four Models 99
A Lifestyle Theory of Crime 101
Precursors to a Criminal Lifestyle 101
Phase Ⅰ: Initiation 102
Phase Ⅱ: Transition 107
Phase Ⅲ: Maintenance 110
Phase Ⅳ: Burnout and Maturity 112
Jerry Revisited: A Developmental Analysis 115
Conclusion 117
Key Terms and Concepts 117
6. Phenomenology: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Subjective Context 119
Married to the Mob 119
Phenomenology 122
Responses to the Ten Questions 123
Q1. Tell Me About Your Life Before Crime. 123
Q2. Describe Your Initiation Into Crime. 125
Q3. Discuss How You Became Committed to a Criminal Lifestyle. 127
Q4. What Do You Think You Learned From Prison? 129
Q5. What Factors Encourage or Facilitate Your Continued Involvement in a Criminal Lifestyle? 131
Q6. What Factors Discourage or Hinder Your Continued Involvement in a Criminal Lifestyle? 134
Q7. Relate to Me Your View of Society (Its People,Policies, and Institutions). 135
Q8. How Do You Rate Yourself on the (Eight)Thinking Styles and (Four) Behavioral Styles of a Criminal Lifestyle? 137
Q9. If You Were to Abandon the Criminal Lifestyle Today, What Would You Miss Most? 139
Q10. How Do You See Your Future? 141
Conclusion 142
Key Terms and Concepts 143
7. Intervention: The Criminal Lifestyle in a Programmatic Context 144
The Boxer 144
Programmed Intervention 147
Unassisted Change 148
The "Nothing Works" Controversy 150
Finding a Philosophy 151
The Conflict Philosophy 152
The Moral Philosophy 153
The Fulfillment Philosophy 153
The Learning Philosophy 153
Implementing the Program 154
Individual Versus Group Intervention 154
Preconditions for Change 155
Phases of Change 158
Matching Offenders to Interventions 161
Specific Intervention Strategies 162
Evaluating the Outcome 167
Conceptual Issues 167
Sampling Issues 168
Practical Issues 168
Measurement Issues 169
An Example: The Lifestyle Change Program 169
Conclusion 172
Key Terms and Concepts 173
8. Prevention: The Criminal Lifestyle in a High-Risk Youth Context 174
Dennis the Menace 174
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention 176
The Lifestyle Approach to Secondary Prevention 177
Incentive 177
Opportunity 180
Choice 191
Conclusion 192
Key Terms and Concepts 194
9. Mental Illness and Malingering: The Criminal Lifestyle in an Application Context 195
Tattoo 195
Mental Illness 196
Prevalence 197
Latent Structure 198
Diagnosis and Assessment 198
Development 199
Intervention 200
Malingering 205
Prevalence 206
Latent Structure 206
Diagnosis and Assessment 207
Development 210
Intervention 210
Conclusion 212
Key Terms and Concepts 213
10. Future Contexts and Distant Horizons 214
The Second Story Man 214
Understanding Crime: The Prime Context 217
Future Dimensional Contexts 218
Future Diagnostic Contexts 219
Future Appraisal Contexts 221
Future Etiological Contexts 222
Future Subjective Contexts 223
Future Programmatic Contexts 224
Future Preventive Contexts 225
Future Application Contexts 226
Conclusion 228
Key Terms and Concepts 228
References 229
Index 263