1 introduction 1
1-1 The nature of thermodynamics 1
1-2 Relation between classical mechanics and thermodynamics 2
1-3 Temperature and heat 4
1-4 Temperature scales 5
1-5 The state principle 8
1-6 Work 9
1-7 Micro/macro thermodynamics 9
1-8 Thermodynamic properties 11
1-9 Fundamental thermodynamic laws 12
1-10 Applications of thermodynamics 13
1-11 Unit systems 13
1-12 The ideal gas 20
1-13 The ideal-gas thermometer 23
1-14 Simple kinetic theory of an ideal gas 24
2 the first law of thermodynamics 30
2-1 Introduction 30
2-2 Work 31
2-3 Internal energy 38
2-4 The first law of thermodynamics 41
2-5 Heat and specific heat 43
2-6 Summary 48
3 macroscopic properties of pure substances 51
3-1 Introduction 51
3-2 Properties of pure substances 53
3-3 Equations of state 57
3-4 Specific heats 62
3-5 Coefficient of expansion 67
4 principles of energy analysis 73
4-1 Introduction 73
4-2 Energy balances and sign conventions 74
4-3 The closed system 74
4-4 The open system 74
4-5 Processes involving ideal gases 84
4-6 The Joule-Thomson coefficient 90
5 principles of statistical thermodynamics 97
5-1 Introduction 97
5-2 Probability 98
5-3 Phase space 104
5-4 Microstates and macrostates 105
5-5 Quantum considerations 105
5-6 Physical models 108
5-7 Degeneracy 109
5-8 Purpose of statistical analysis 111
5-9 Stirling’s approximation 112
5-10 Bose-Einstein statistics 113
5-11 Fermi-Dirac statistics 115
5-12 The classical Maxwell- Boltzmann model 116
5-13 The equilibrium distribution 116
5-14 Entropy 119
5-15 The second law of thermodynamics 119
5-16 The partition function 120
5-17 The constants A and β 122
6 the second law of thermodynamics 125
6-1 Introduction 125
6-2 Physical description of the second law 126
6-3 Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements 127
6-4 Reversible processes and cycles 128
6-5 Thermodynamic temperature 130
6-6 The Carnot cycle 132
6-7 The inequality of Clausius 133
6-8 Macroscopic definition of entropy 134
6-9 Principle of increase of entropy 135
6-10 Microscopic interpretation of entropy 144
6-11 Maxwell’s demon and information theory 144
7 equations of state and general thermodynamic relations 149
7-1 Introduction 149
7-2 Some mathematical preliminaries 149
7-3 Helmholtz and Gibbs functions 151
7-4 The energy equation 151
7-5 The Maxwell relations 152
7-6 Enthalpy，internal energy，and entropy 153
7-7 Specific heat relations 155
7-8 The gas tables 156
7-9 Specific heats at elevated pressures 160
7-10 The Clausius-Clapeyron equation 160
7-11 Development of tables of thermodynamic properties 162
7-12 Equations of state 164
7-13 The generalized compressibility factor 169
7-14 Energy properties of real gases 174
7-15 Thermodynamics of magnetism 181
7-16 Magnetocaloric effect 183
8 applications of statistical thermodynamics 187
8-1 Introduction 187
8-2 The constants β and k 188
8-3 Properties and partition functions 189
8-4 The ideal monatomic gas 192
8-5 Diatomic and polyatomic gases 195
8-6 Equipartition of energy 203
8-7 The solid state 204
8-8 The electron gas 208
8-9 Conductors and semiconductors 215
8-10 The photon gas（blackbody radiation） 220
8-11 Ensembles and interacting systems 224
9 kinetic theory and transport phenomena 229
9-1 Introduction 229
9-2 The Maxwell- Boltzmann velocity distribution 230
9-3 Molecular flux 234
9-4 Mean free path 238
9-5 Influence of collisions on molecular flux 240
9-6 Average collision distance 241
9-7 Generalized transport coefficient 241
9-8 Thermal conductivity 242
9-9 Dynamic viscosity 243
9-10 Mutual diffusion of like molecules 245
9-11 Mutual diffusion of unlike molecules 247
9-12 Thermal diffusion 248
9-13 Electron transport in gases 250
9-14 Influence of molecular force fields on transport processes 253
10 gaseous mixtures 259
10-1 Introduction 259
10-2 The Gibbs-Dalton law 259
10-3 Energy properties of mixtures 263
10-4 Mixtures of an ideal gas and a vapor 267
10-5 Adiabatic saturation 269
10-6 The psychrometric chart 271
10-7 Air-conditioning processes 273
11 chemical thermodynamics and equilibrium 285
11-1 Introduction 285
11-2 Combustion reactions 285
11-3 Enthalpy of formation 288
11-4 Heat of reaction 292
11-5 Adiabatic flame temperature 294
11-6 Equilibrium 296
11-7 Chemical equilibrium of ideal gases 300
11-8 The chemical potential 308
11-9 The third law of thermodynamics 310
11-10 The concept of maximum work 311
12 conventional power and refrigeration cycles 317
12-1 Introduction 317
12-2 General considerations 318
12-3 Vapor power cycles 319
12-4 Deviations from theoretical vapor cycles 329
12-5 Air compressors 332
12-6 Internal-combustion-engine cycles 339
12-7 The Otto cycle 340
12-8 The diesel cycle 342
12-9 Gas-turbine cycles 346
12-10 The gas turbine for jet propulsion 353
12-11 The ramjet 356
12-12 The rocket 357
12-13 Specific impulse 357
12-14 Vapor refrigeration cycles 358
12-15 Absorption refrigeration cycles 361
13 thermodynamics of irreversible processes 367
13-1 Introduction 367
13-2 Phenomenological laws 368
13-3 Onsager reciprocity relation 369
13-4 Applicability of the phenomenological relations 370
13-5 Heat flux and entropy production 370
13-6 Thermoelectric phenomena 372
13-7 Thermoelectric circuits 376
14 direct energy conversion 382
14-1 Introduction 382
14-2 Fuel cells 383
14-3 Thermoelectric energy-conversion devices 388
14-4 Thermionic devices 397
14-5 Magnetohydrodynamic generators 400
appendix 409
Table A-1 Important physical constants 409
Table A-2 Conversion factors 409
Table A-3 Critical constants 410
Table A-4 Heat of formation，absolute entropy，and free energy of forma- tion at 25°C（77°F）and 1 atm 411
Table A-5 Properties of water—saturation-temperature table 412
Table A-6 Properties of water—saturation-pressure table 414
Table A-7 Properties of water—superheated vapor table 416
Table A-8 Properties of water—compressed-liquid table 421
Table A-9 Properties of saturated ammonia—temperature table 422
Table A-10 Properties of saturated ammonia—pressure table 423
Table A-11 Properties of superheated ammonia 424
Table A-12 Properties of Freon-12（dichlorodifluoromethane）—saturation-temperature table 426
Table A-13 Properties of superheated Freon-12 428
Table A-14 Thermodynamic properties of air at low pressure 430
Table A-15 Thermodynamic properties of gases at low pressure 433
index 439