Introduction： Humanitarian Intervention in ContemporaryInternational Relations 1
The contemporary debate 1
The end o f history 2
The rise o f the ‘international community， 3
Globalization and the communication revolution 5
Using this book 7
Part Ⅰ Concepts and Conceptions 11
1 What is ‘Humanitarian Intervention，？ 11
‘Humanitarian intervention，， ‘humanitarian action， and‘military action， 12
Features of humanitarian intervention 16
The status o f the parties involved 16
The question of consent 18
The means 18
The motives 19
The issue o f legality 19
Conclusion 20
Questions 21
Further reading 21
Useful websites 21
2 The Just War Tradition 22
The central tenets 23
The evolution of the Just War tradition 25
Contemporary relevance 32
Is the tradition universally applicable？ 34
The tradition is inherently statist 34
Easily abused/who decides？ 36
Does the Just War tradition have any real utility？ 37
Conclusion 38
Questions 39
Further reading 39
3 The Sovereign State 41
The evolution of the sovereign state 41
War， religion and the modern state 44
Westphalia and the nation-state 45
The UN Charter 47
Organized hypocrisy？ 48
Challenging the sovereign state in the contemporary era 51
The rise o f human rights 51
Defending the sovereign state 52
Conclusion 57
Questions 58
Further reading 59
4 Theoretical Perspectives 60
Realism 61
Marxism/critical theory 64
Liberalism 67
The English School 70
Cosmopolitanism 73
Post-structuralism 75
Conclusion 78
Questions 79
Further reading 79
Part Ⅱ Controversies 83
5 Legality and Legitimacy 83
The evolution of international law and the legal statusof humanitarian intervention 83
The evolution o f international law 84
The legal status of humanitarian intervention 86
Human rights law 94
‘Illegal but legitimate，？ 96
The need for legal reform 99
The feasibility of reform 99
Potential legal reform 100
Political will or legal obstacles？ 101
Conclusion 102
Questions 103
Further reading 104
6 Sovereignty as Responsibility 105
State responsibility 105
Traditional approacbes to state responsibility 106
State responsibility and the UN Charter 107
The rise o f human security 109
Political developments in the 1990s 111
The responsibility to protect 113
Key tenets 113
International reception and the 2005 World Summit 117
Challenging the responsibility to protect 120
Specific failings within R2P 120
A Western idea 121
Will lead to increased war and instability 122
［It，s their］ responsibility to protect 123
Does not address the key problem 124
Conclusion 125
Questions 126
Further reading 126
7 Who Decides？ 128
Legitimacy， authority， power and rights 129
Legitimacy 129
Authority and power 132
Right or duty？ 134
The UN Security Council 135
Nature o f the Security Council，s powers 135
International perception 137
A source o f order， not justice 139
Alternative authorities 141
International morality 141
Liberal hierarchy thesis 143
Reform of the Security Council 144
Conclusion 147
Questions 148
Further reading 148
8 Motives and Means 149
Motives 149
The humanitarian imperative 150
In defence o f interests 151
‘He who invokes humanity wants to cheat， 154
Means 156
Bombing for humanity， 157
Force protection 158
‘War is hell， 160
Conclusion 162
Questions 163
Further reading 163
Part3 Cases 167
9 ‘Humanitarian Intervention in History 167
Humanitarian intervention： trends and changes 168
The state and the evolution of humanitarian intervention 168
Humanitarian intervention in historical context 171
Conclusion： assessing the record 176
Questions 177
Further reading 177
10 Rwanda 179
Nature of the crisis 179
The evolution o f the crisis 180
Explaining the genocide 183
International response 186
International reaction 186
Could more have been done？ 188
Impact on the debate 193
Never again! 194
The need for UN reform 195
Critiquing intervention 197
Conclusion 199
Questions 200
Further reading 200
11 Kosovo 201
Nature of the crisis 201
International response 204
1989-98： distracted superpowers 204
October 1998-March 1999： diplomatic failure 205
24 March 1999-10 June 1999： intervention 207
Impact on the debate 211
A war fought for values 211
‘The new military humanism， 212
International law after Kosovo 213
Force protection and international humanitarian law 216
Conclusion 218
Questions 219
Further reading 219
12 Iraq 221
Nature of the crisis 222
International response 224
The Bush doctrine and Iraq 224
Operation Iraqi Freedom 226
Lies？ 227
Impact on the debate 228
The abuse o f humanitarian intervention 229
The role o f international law 231
The utility of the Just War criteria 235
Conclusion 238
Questions 240
Further reading 240
13 Darfur 241
Nature of the crisis 241
International response 243
2003-05 243
2005-08 245
Impact on the debate 246
Back to Rwanda？ 247
R2P RIP？ 249
The limits of global civil society？ 252
Conclusion 255
Questions 256
Further reading 256
Conclusion The Future of Humanitarian Intervention？ 258
Three scenarios 258
In defence of the status quo 259
The need for legal reform 261
Beyond current international law 262
Conclusion 264
Bibliography 267
Index 294