CHAPTER 1 Chemistry：The Study of Change 1
1.1 Chemistry：A Science for the Twenty-First Century 2
1.2 The Study of Chemistry 5
1.3 The Scientific Method 6
Chemistry in Action 12
Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory 12
1.4 Classification of Matter 8
1.5 The Three States of Matter 10
1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 11
1.7 Measurement 13
Chemistry in Action 19
The Importance of Units 19
1.8 Handling Numbers 18
1.9 The Factor-Label Method of Solving Problems 25
Key Equations 28
Summary of Facts and Concepts 29
Key Words 29
Questions and Problems 29
CHAPTER 2 Atoms，Molecules，and Ions 35
2.1 The Atomic Theory 36
2.2 The Structure of the Atom 37
2.3 Atomic Number，Mass Number，and Isotopes 43
2.4 The Periodic Table 45
Chemistry in Action 47
Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems 47
2.5 Molecules and Ions 46
2.6 Chemical Formulas 49
2.7 Naming Compounds 53
Summary of Facts and Concepts 61
Key Words 62
Questions and Problems 62
CHAPTER 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 67
3.1 Atomic Mass 68
3.2 Molar Mass of an Element and Avogadro’s Number 69
3.3 Molecular Mass 72
3.4 The Mass Spectrometer 74
Chemistry in Action 76
Gold Fingerprinting by Mass Spectrometry 76
3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds 75
3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas 80
3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 82
3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products 87
3.9 Limiting Reagents 90
3.10 Reaction Yield 93
Chemistry in Action 94
Chemical Fertilizers 94
Key Equations 96
Summary of Facts and Concepts 96
Key Words 96
Questions and Problems 97
CHAPTER 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution 105
4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 106
4.2 Precipitation Reactions 108
Chemistry in Action 112
An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction 112
4.3 Acid-Base Reactions 111
4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 116
Chemistry in Action 129
Breath Analyzer 129
4.5 Concentration of Solutions 128
4.6 Gravimetric Analysis 133
4.7 Acid-Base Titrations 135
4.8 Redox Titrations 138
Chemistry in Action 140
Metal from the Sea 140
Key Equations 140
Summary of Facts and Concepts 140
Key Words 141
Questions and Problems 141
Chemical Mystery 150
Who Killed Napoleon？ 150
CHAPTER 5 Gases 153
5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases 154
5.2 Pressure of a Gas 155
5.3 The Gas Laws 158
5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 166
5.5 Gas Stoichiometry 173
5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 175
Chemistry in Action 180
Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws 180
5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 179
Chemistry in Action 188
Super Cold Atoms 188
5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior 187
Key Equations 191
Summary of Facts and Concepts 192
Key Words 193
Questions and Problems 193
Chemical Mystery 202
Out of Oxygen 202
CHAPTER 6 Thermochemistry 205
6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy 206
6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 207
6.3 Enthalpy 208
6.4 Calorimetry 212
Chemistry in Action 217
Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances 217
6.5 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction 216
Chemistry in Action 223
How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself 223
6.6 Heat of Solution and Dilution 222
6.7 Introduction to Thermodynamics 225
Chemistry in Action 233
Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire 233
Key Equations 234
Summary of Facts and Concepts 234
Key Words 234
Questions and Problems 235
Chemical Mystery 242
The Exploding Tire 242
CHAPTER 7 Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structureof Atoms 245
7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 246
7.2 The Photoelectric Effect 250
7.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 252
Chemistry in Action 258
Element from the Sun 258
Chemistry in Action 260
Laser—The Splendid Light 260
7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron 257
Chemistry in Action 262
Electron Microscopy 262
7.5 Quantum Mechanics 263
7.6 Quantum Numbers 265
7.7 Atomic Orbitals 267
7.8 Electron Configuration 271
7.9 The Building-Up Principle 277
Key Equations 281
Summary of Facts and Concepts 281
Key Words 282
Questions and Problems 283
CHAPTER 8 Periodic Relationships Among the Elements 289
8.1 Development of the Periodic Table 290
8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements 292
8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties 296
Chemistry in Action 304
The Third Liquid Element？ 304
8.4 Ionization Energy 303
8.5 Electron Affinity 307
8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements 310
Chemistry in Action 321
Discovery of the Noble Gases 321
Summary of Facts and Concepts 322
Key Words 323
Questions and Problems 323
CHAPTER 9 Chemical Bonding Ⅰ：Basic Concepts 329
9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols 330
9.2 The Ionic Bond 330
9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds 333
Chemistry in Action 337
Sodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound 337
9.4 The Covalent Bond 338
9.5 Electronegativity 340
9.6 Writing Lewis Structures 343
9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure 346
9.8 The Concept of Resonance 349
9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 351
Chemistry in Action 353
Just Say NO 353
9.10 Bond Energy 355
Key Equations 359
Summary of Facts and Concepts 359
Key Words 360
Questions and Problems 360
CHAPTER 10 Chemical Bonding Ⅱ：Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 367
10.1 Molecular Geometry 368
10.2 Dipole Moments 377
Chemistry in Action 382
Microwave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work 382
10.3 Valence Bond Theory 381
10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 385
10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds 394
Chemistry in Action 397
Are Orbitals Real？ 397
10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory 397
10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations 401
10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals 406
Chemistry in Action 408
Buckyball，Anyone？ 408
Key Equations 409
Summary of Facts and Concepts 410
Key Words 411
Questions and Problems 411
CHAPTER 11 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids 417
11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids 418
11.2 Intermolecular Forces 419
11.3 Properties of Liquids 424
Chemistry in Action 429
Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down？ 429
11.4 Crystal Structure 429
11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals 435
11.6 Types of Crystals 438
11.7 Amorphous Solids 442
Chemistry in Action 444
High-Temperature Superconductors 444
11.8 Phase Changes 443
11.9 Phase Diagrams 453
Chemistry in Action 455
Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop，Pressure Cookers，and Ice Skating 455
Chemistry in Action 456
Liquid Crystals 456
Key Equations 458
Summary of Facts and Concepts 458
Key Words 459
Questions and Problems 459
CHAPTER 12 Physical Properties of Solutions 467
12.1 Types of Solutions 468
12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process 469
12.3 Concentration Units 471
12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 475
12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases 477
Chemistry in Action 480
The Killer Lake 480
12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 479
12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 491
Chemistry in Action 494
Desalination 494
12.8 Colloids 493
Key Equations 497
Summary of Facts and Concepts 498
Key Words 498
Questions and Problems 498
Chemical Mystery 506
The Wrong Kniie 506
CHAPTER 13 Chemical Kinetics 509
13.1 The Rate of a Reaction 510
13.2 The Rate Law 516
13.3 The Relation between Reactant Concentration and Time 519
Chemistry in Action 530
Determining the Age of the Shroud of Turin 530
13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants 529
13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 536
Chemistry in Action 542
Femtochemistry 542
13.6 Catalysis 543
Key Equations 550
summary of Facts and Concepts 550
Key Words 551
Questions and Problems 551
CHAPTER 14 Chemical Equilibrium 561
14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 562
14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions 564
14.3 The Relationship between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium 575
14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us？ 577
14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium 582
Chemistry in Action 589
Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production 589
Chemistry in Action 590
The Haber Process 590
Key Equations 590
Summary of Facts and Concepts 590
Key Words 592
Questions and Problems 592
CHAPTER 15 Acids and Bases 601
15.1 Bronsted Acids and Bases 602
15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water 603
15.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity 605
15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 607
15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 611
15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 618
15.7 The Relationship between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases 620
15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 621
15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 625
15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 628
15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 633
15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases 636
Chemistry in Action 638
Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach 638
Key Equations 640
Summary of Facts and Concepts 640
Key Words 641
Questions and Problems 641
Chemical Mystery 648
Decaying Papers 648
CHAPTER 16 Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria 651
16.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria 652
16.2 The Common Ion Effect 652
16.3 Buffer Solutions 655
16.4 Acid-Base Titrations 660
16.5 Acid-Base Indicators 668
Chemistry in Action 662
Maintaining the pH of Blood 662
16.6 Solubility Equilibria 671
16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation 677
16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility 679
16.9 pH and Solubility 681
16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility 683
16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle to Qualitative Analysis 687
Chemistry in Action 689
How an Eggshell Is Formed 689
Key Equation 691
Summary of Facts and Concepts 691
Key Words 691
Questions and Problems 692
Chemical Mystery 698
A Hard-Boiled Snack 698
CHAPTER 17 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 701
17.1 Earth’s Atmosphere 702
17.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere 704
17.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere 708
17.4 Volcanoes 712
17.5 The Greenhouse Effect 713
17.6 Acid Rain 719
17.7 Photochemical Smog 722
17.8 Indoor Pollution 724
Summary of Facts and Concepts 727
Key Words 728
Questions and Problems 728
CHAPTER 18 Entropy，Free Energy，and Equilibrium 733
18.1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 734
18.2 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 734
18.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 739
Chemistry in Action 748
The Efficiency of Heat Engines 748
18.4 Gibbs Free Energy 744
18.5 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 751
18.6 Thermodynamics in Living Systems 755
Chemistry in Action 756
The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band 756
Key Equations 758
Summary of Facts and Concepts 758
Key Words 758
Questions and Problems 759
CHAPTER 19 Electrochemistry 765
19.1 Redox Reactions 766
19.2 Electrochemical Cells 769
19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 771
19.4 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions 777
19.5 The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf 780
19.6 Batteries 784
19.7 Corrosion 789
Chemistry in Action 799
Dental Filling Discomfort 799
19.8 Electrolysis 793
Key Equations 800
Summary of Facts and Concepts 800
Key Words 800
Questions and Problems 801
Chemical Mystery 808
Tainted Water 808
CHAPTER 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals 811
20.1 Occurrence of Metals 812
20.2 Metallurgical Processes 812
20.3 Band Theory of Conductivity 820
20.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties 823
20.5 The Alkali Metals 824
20.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals 828
20.7 Aluminum 830
Chemistry in Action 832
Recycling Aluminum 832
Summary of Facts and Concepts 834
Key Words 834
Questions and Problems 834
CHAPTER 21 Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds 839
21.1 General Properties of Nonmetallic Elements 840
21.2 Hydrogen 840
Chemistry in Action 846
Metallic Hydrogen 846
21.3 Carbon 845
Chemistry in Action 849
Synthetic Gas from Coal 849
21.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 850
Chemistry in Action 857
Ammonium Nitrate—The Explosive Fertilizer 857
21.5 Oxygen and Sulfur 858
21.6 The Halogens 865
Summary of Facts and Concepts 872
Key Words 873
Questions and Problems 873
CHAPTER 22 Transition Metal Chemistry and Coordination Compounds 877
22.1 Properties of the Transition Metals 878
22.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper 881
22.3 Coordination Compounds 883
22.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds 887
22.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds：Crystal Field Theory 891
22.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds 897
22.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds 900
Chemistry in Action 898
Coordination Compounds in Living Systems 898
Chemistry in Action 900
Cisplatin—The Anticancer Drug 900
Key Equation 902
Summary of Facts and Concepts 902
Key Words 903
Questions and Problems 903
Chemical Mystery 906
Dating Paintings with Prussian Blue 906
CHAPTER 23 Nuclear Chemistry 909
23.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions 910
23.2 Nuclear Stability 912
23.3 Natural Radioactivity 917
23.4 Nuclear Transmutation 920
23.5 Nuclear Fission 922
Chemistry in Action 928
Nature’s Own Fission Reactor 928
23.6 Nuclear Fusion 929
23.7 Uses of Isotopes 932
23.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 934
Chemistry in Action 936
Food Irradiation 936
Key Equation 937
Summary of Facts and Concepts 937
Key Words 937
Questions and Problems 937
Chemical Mystery 942
The Art Forgery of the Century 942
CHAPTER 24 Organic Chemistry 945
24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds 946
24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 946
Chemistry in Action 948
Ice That Burns 948
24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 959
24.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups 962
Chemistry in Action 968
The Petroleum Industry 968
Summary of Facts and Concepts 970
Key Words 971
Questions and Problems 972
CHAPTER 25 Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymer 977
25.1 Properties of Polymers 978
25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers 978
25.3 Proteins 982
Chemistry in Action 994
Sickle-Cell Anemia—A Molecular Disease 994
25.4 Nucleic Acids 991
Chemistry in Action 996
DNA Fingerprinting 996
Summary of Facts and Concepts 994
Key Words 996
Questions and Problems 996
Chemical Mystery 1000
A Story That Will Curl Your Hair 1000
APPENDIX 1 Derivation of the Names of Elements 1
APPENDIX 2 Units for the Gas Constant 7
APPENDIX 3 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25℃ 8
APPENDIX 4 Mathematical Operations 14
Glossary 1
Answers to Even-Numbered Problems 1
Credits 1
Index 1