CHEMISTRY SEVENTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

CHAPTER 1 Chemistry：The Study of Change 1

1.1 Chemistry：A Science for the Twenty-First Century 2

1.2 The Study of Chemistry 5

1.3 The Scientific Method 6

Chemistry in Action 12

Primordial Helium and the Big Bang Theory 12

1.4 Classification of Matter 8

1.5 The Three States of Matter 10

1.6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter 11

1.7 Measurement 13

Chemistry in Action 19

The Importance of Units 19

1.8 Handling Numbers 18

1.9 The Factor-Label Method of Solving Problems 25

Key Equations 28

Summary of Facts and Concepts 29

Key Words 29

Questions and Problems 29

CHAPTER 2 Atoms，Molecules，and Ions 35

2.1 The Atomic Theory 36

2.2 The Structure of the Atom 37

2.3 Atomic Number，Mass Number，and Isotopes 43

2.4 The Periodic Table 45

Chemistry in Action 47

Distribution of Elements on Earth and in Living Systems 47

2.5 Molecules and Ions 46

2.6 Chemical Formulas 49

2.7 Naming Compounds 53

Summary of Facts and Concepts 61

Key Words 62

Questions and Problems 62

CHAPTER 3 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 67

3.1 Atomic Mass 68

3.2 Molar Mass of an Element and Avogadro’s Number 69

3.3 Molecular Mass 72

3.4 The Mass Spectrometer 74

Chemistry in Action 76

Gold Fingerprinting by Mass Spectrometry 76

3.5 Percent Composition of Compounds 75

3.6 Experimental Determination of Empirical Formulas 80

3.7 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations 82

3.8 Amounts of Reactants and Products 87

3.9 Limiting Reagents 90

3.10 Reaction Yield 93

Chemistry in Action 94

Chemical Fertilizers 94

Key Equations 96

Summary of Facts and Concepts 96

Key Words 96

Questions and Problems 97

CHAPTER 4 Reactions in Aqueous Solution 105

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions 106

4.2 Precipitation Reactions 108

Chemistry in Action 112

An Undesirable Precipitation Reaction 112

4.3 Acid-Base Reactions 111

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 116

Chemistry in Action 129

Breath Analyzer 129

4.5 Concentration of Solutions 128

4.6 Gravimetric Analysis 133

4.7 Acid-Base Titrations 135

4.8 Redox Titrations 138

Chemistry in Action 140

Metal from the Sea 140

Key Equations 140

Summary of Facts and Concepts 140

Key Words 141

Questions and Problems 141

Chemical Mystery 150

Who Killed Napoleon？ 150

CHAPTER 5 Gases 153

5.1 Substances That Exist as Gases 154

5.2 Pressure of a Gas 155

5.3 The Gas Laws 158

5.4 The Ideal Gas Equation 166

5.5 Gas Stoichiometry 173

5.6 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 175

Chemistry in Action 180

Scuba Diving and the Gas Laws 180

5.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 179

Chemistry in Action 188

Super Cold Atoms 188

5.8 Deviation from Ideal Behavior 187

Key Equations 191

Summary of Facts and Concepts 192

Key Words 193

Questions and Problems 193

Chemical Mystery 202

Out of Oxygen 202

CHAPTER 6 Thermochemistry 205

6.1 The Nature of Energy and Types of Energy 206

6.2 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions 207

6.3 Enthalpy 208

6.4 Calorimetry 212

Chemistry in Action 217

Fuel Values of Foods and Other Substances 217

6.5 Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction 216

Chemistry in Action 223

How a Bombardier Beetle Defends Itself 223

6.6 Heat of Solution and Dilution 222

6.7 Introduction to Thermodynamics 225

Chemistry in Action 233

Making Snow and Inflating a Bicycle Tire 233

Key Equations 234

Summary of Facts and Concepts 234

Key Words 234

Questions and Problems 235

Chemical Mystery 242

The Exploding Tire 242

CHAPTER 7 Quantum Theory and the Electronic Structureof Atoms 245

7.1 From Classical Physics to Quantum Theory 246

7.2 The Photoelectric Effect 250

7.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 252

Chemistry in Action 258

Element from the Sun 258

Chemistry in Action 260

Laser—The Splendid Light 260

7.4 The Dual Nature of the Electron 257

Chemistry in Action 262

Electron Microscopy 262

7.5 Quantum Mechanics 263

7.6 Quantum Numbers 265

7.7 Atomic Orbitals 267

7.8 Electron Configuration 271

7.9 The Building-Up Principle 277

Key Equations 281

Summary of Facts and Concepts 281

Key Words 282

Questions and Problems 283

CHAPTER 8 Periodic Relationships Among the Elements 289

8.1 Development of the Periodic Table 290

8.2 Periodic Classification of the Elements 292

8.3 Periodic Variation in Physical Properties 296

Chemistry in Action 304

The Third Liquid Element？ 304

8.4 Ionization Energy 303

8.5 Electron Affinity 307

8.6 Variation in Chemical Properties of the Representative Elements 310

Chemistry in Action 321

Discovery of the Noble Gases 321

Summary of Facts and Concepts 322

Key Words 323

Questions and Problems 323

CHAPTER 9 Chemical Bonding Ⅰ：Basic Concepts 329

9.1 Lewis Dot Symbols 330

9.2 The Ionic Bond 330

9.3 Lattice Energy of Ionic Compounds 333

Chemistry in Action 337

Sodium Chloride—A Common and Important Ionic Compound 337

9.4 The Covalent Bond 338

9.5 Electronegativity 340

9.6 Writing Lewis Structures 343

9.7 Formal Charge and Lewis Structure 346

9.8 The Concept of Resonance 349

9.9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 351

Chemistry in Action 353

Just Say NO 353

9.10 Bond Energy 355

Key Equations 359

Summary of Facts and Concepts 359

Key Words 360

Questions and Problems 360

CHAPTER 10 Chemical Bonding Ⅱ：Molecular Geometry and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 367

10.1 Molecular Geometry 368

10.2 Dipole Moments 377

Chemistry in Action 382

Microwave Ovens—Dipole Moments at Work 382

10.3 Valence Bond Theory 381

10.4 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 385

10.5 Hybridization in Molecules Containing Double and Triple Bonds 394

Chemistry in Action 397

Are Orbitals Real？ 397

10.6 Molecular Orbital Theory 397

10.7 Molecular Orbital Configurations 401

10.8 Delocalized Molecular Orbitals 406

Chemistry in Action 408

Buckyball，Anyone？ 408

Key Equations 409

Summary of Facts and Concepts 410

Key Words 411

Questions and Problems 411

CHAPTER 11 Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids 417

11.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Liquids and Solids 418

11.2 Intermolecular Forces 419

11.3 Properties of Liquids 424

Chemistry in Action 429

Why Do Lakes Freeze from the Top Down？ 429

11.4 Crystal Structure 429

11.5 X-Ray Diffraction by Crystals 435

11.6 Types of Crystals 438

11.7 Amorphous Solids 442

Chemistry in Action 444

High-Temperature Superconductors 444

11.8 Phase Changes 443

11.9 Phase Diagrams 453

Chemistry in Action 455

Hard-Boiling an Egg on a Mountaintop，Pressure Cookers，and Ice Skating 455

Chemistry in Action 456

Liquid Crystals 456

Key Equations 458

Summary of Facts and Concepts 458

Key Words 459

Questions and Problems 459

CHAPTER 12 Physical Properties of Solutions 467

12.1 Types of Solutions 468

12.2 A Molecular View of the Solution Process 469

12.3 Concentration Units 471

12.4 The Effect of Temperature on Solubility 475

12.5 The Effect of Pressure on the Solubility of Gases 477

Chemistry in Action 480

The Killer Lake 480

12.6 Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 479

12.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 491

Chemistry in Action 494

Desalination 494

12.8 Colloids 493

Key Equations 497

Summary of Facts and Concepts 498

Key Words 498

Questions and Problems 498

Chemical Mystery 506

The Wrong Kniie 506

CHAPTER 13 Chemical Kinetics 509

13.1 The Rate of a Reaction 510

13.2 The Rate Law 516

13.3 The Relation between Reactant Concentration and Time 519

Chemistry in Action 530

Determining the Age of the Shroud of Turin 530

13.4 Activation Energy and Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants 529

13.5 Reaction Mechanisms 536

Chemistry in Action 542

Femtochemistry 542

13.6 Catalysis 543

Key Equations 550

summary of Facts and Concepts 550

Key Words 551

Questions and Problems 551

CHAPTER 14 Chemical Equilibrium 561

14.1 The Concept of Equilibrium and the Equilibrium Constant 562

14.2 Writing Equilibrium Constant Expressions 564

14.3 The Relationship between Chemical Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium 575

14.4 What Does the Equilibrium Constant Tell Us？ 577

14.5 Factors That Affect Chemical Equilibrium 582

Chemistry in Action 589

Life at High Altitudes and Hemoglobin Production 589

Chemistry in Action 590

The Haber Process 590

Key Equations 590

Summary of Facts and Concepts 590

Key Words 592

Questions and Problems 592

CHAPTER 15 Acids and Bases 601

15.1 Bronsted Acids and Bases 602

15.2 The Acid-Base Properties of Water 603

15.3 pH—A Measure of Acidity 605

15.4 Strength of Acids and Bases 607

15.5 Weak Acids and Acid Ionization Constants 611

15.6 Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants 618

15.7 The Relationship between the Ionization Constants of Acids and Their Conjugate Bases 620

15.8 Diprotic and Polyprotic Acids 621

15.9 Molecular Structure and the Strength of Acids 625

15.10 Acid-Base Properties of Salts 628

15.11 Acid-Base Properties of Oxides and Hydroxides 633

15.12 Lewis Acids and Bases 636

Chemistry in Action 638

Antacids and the pH Balance in Your Stomach 638

Key Equations 640

Summary of Facts and Concepts 640

Key Words 641

Questions and Problems 641

Chemical Mystery 648

Decaying Papers 648

CHAPTER 16 Acid-Base Equilibria and Solubility Equilibria 651

16.1 Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Solution Equilibria 652

16.2 The Common Ion Effect 652

16.3 Buffer Solutions 655

16.4 Acid-Base Titrations 660

16.5 Acid-Base Indicators 668

Chemistry in Action 662

Maintaining the pH of Blood 662

16.6 Solubility Equilibria 671

16.7 Separation of Ions by Fractional Precipitation 677

16.8 The Common Ion Effect and Solubility 679

16.9 pH and Solubility 681

16.10 Complex Ion Equilibria and Solubility 683

16.11 Application of the Solubility Product Principle to Qualitative Analysis 687

Chemistry in Action 689

How an Eggshell Is Formed 689

Key Equation 691

Summary of Facts and Concepts 691

Key Words 691

Questions and Problems 692

Chemical Mystery 698

A Hard-Boiled Snack 698

CHAPTER 17 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 701

17.1 Earth’s Atmosphere 702

17.2 Phenomena in the Outer Layers of the Atmosphere 704

17.3 Depletion of Ozone in the Stratosphere 708

17.4 Volcanoes 712

17.5 The Greenhouse Effect 713

17.6 Acid Rain 719

17.7 Photochemical Smog 722

17.8 Indoor Pollution 724

Summary of Facts and Concepts 727

Key Words 728

Questions and Problems 728

CHAPTER 18 Entropy，Free Energy，and Equilibrium 733

18.1 The Three Laws of Thermodynamics 734

18.2 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 734

18.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 739

Chemistry in Action 748

The Efficiency of Heat Engines 748

18.4 Gibbs Free Energy 744

18.5 Free Energy and Chemical Equilibrium 751

18.6 Thermodynamics in Living Systems 755

Chemistry in Action 756

The Thermodynamics of a Rubber Band 756

Key Equations 758

Summary of Facts and Concepts 758

Key Words 758

Questions and Problems 759

CHAPTER 19 Electrochemistry 765

19.1 Redox Reactions 766

19.2 Electrochemical Cells 769

19.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 771

19.4 Spontaneity of Redox Reactions 777

19.5 The Effect of Concentration on Cell Emf 780

19.6 Batteries 784

19.7 Corrosion 789

Chemistry in Action 799

Dental Filling Discomfort 799

19.8 Electrolysis 793

Key Equations 800

Summary of Facts and Concepts 800

Key Words 800

Questions and Problems 801

Chemical Mystery 808

Tainted Water 808

CHAPTER 20 Metallurgy and the Chemistry of Metals 811

20.1 Occurrence of Metals 812

20.2 Metallurgical Processes 812

20.3 Band Theory of Conductivity 820

20.4 Periodic Trends in Metallic Properties 823

20.5 The Alkali Metals 824

20.6 The Alkaline Earth Metals 828

20.7 Aluminum 830

Chemistry in Action 832

Recycling Aluminum 832

Summary of Facts and Concepts 834

Key Words 834

Questions and Problems 834

CHAPTER 21 Nonmetallic Elements and Their Compounds 839

21.1 General Properties of Nonmetallic Elements 840

21.2 Hydrogen 840

Chemistry in Action 846

Metallic Hydrogen 846

21.3 Carbon 845

Chemistry in Action 849

Synthetic Gas from Coal 849

21.4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus 850

Chemistry in Action 857

Ammonium Nitrate—The Explosive Fertilizer 857

21.5 Oxygen and Sulfur 858

21.6 The Halogens 865

Summary of Facts and Concepts 872

Key Words 873

Questions and Problems 873

CHAPTER 22 Transition Metal Chemistry and Coordination Compounds 877

22.1 Properties of the Transition Metals 878

22.2 Chemistry of Iron and Copper 881

22.3 Coordination Compounds 883

22.4 Structure of Coordination Compounds 887

22.5 Bonding in Coordination Compounds：Crystal Field Theory 891

22.6 Reactions of Coordination Compounds 897

22.7 Applications of Coordination Compounds 900

Chemistry in Action 898

Coordination Compounds in Living Systems 898

Chemistry in Action 900

Cisplatin—The Anticancer Drug 900

Key Equation 902

Summary of Facts and Concepts 902

Key Words 903

Questions and Problems 903

Chemical Mystery 906

Dating Paintings with Prussian Blue 906

CHAPTER 23 Nuclear Chemistry 909

23.1 The Nature of Nuclear Reactions 910

23.2 Nuclear Stability 912

23.3 Natural Radioactivity 917

23.4 Nuclear Transmutation 920

23.5 Nuclear Fission 922

Chemistry in Action 928

Nature’s Own Fission Reactor 928

23.6 Nuclear Fusion 929

23.7 Uses of Isotopes 932

23.8 Biological Effects of Radiation 934

Chemistry in Action 936

Food Irradiation 936

Key Equation 937

Summary of Facts and Concepts 937

Key Words 937

Questions and Problems 937

Chemical Mystery 942

The Art Forgery of the Century 942

CHAPTER 24 Organic Chemistry 945

24.1 Classes of Organic Compounds 946

24.2 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons 946

Chemistry in Action 948

Ice That Burns 948

24.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 959

24.4 Chemistry of the Functional Groups 962

Chemistry in Action 968

The Petroleum Industry 968

Summary of Facts and Concepts 970

Key Words 971

Questions and Problems 972

CHAPTER 25 Synthetic and Natural Organic Polymer 977

25.1 Properties of Polymers 978

25.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers 978

25.3 Proteins 982

Chemistry in Action 994

Sickle-Cell Anemia—A Molecular Disease 994

25.4 Nucleic Acids 991

Chemistry in Action 996

DNA Fingerprinting 996

Summary of Facts and Concepts 994

Key Words 996

Questions and Problems 996

Chemical Mystery 1000

A Story That Will Curl Your Hair 1000

APPENDIX 1 Derivation of the Names of Elements 1

APPENDIX 2 Units for the Gas Constant 7

APPENDIX 3 Thermodynamic Data at 1 atm and 25℃ 8

APPENDIX 4 Mathematical Operations 14

Glossary 1

Answers to Even-Numbered Problems 1

Credits 1

Index 1