section 1 THE STUDY OF CRIME 1
1 Definition of Crime, Criminals, and Criminology 1
Objectives 1
Definition of Crime 3
Definition of the Criminal 7
Definition of Criminology 8
Summary 8
Suggested Activities 9
Review 9
References 10
2 Significance of the Crime Problem 13
Objectives 13
Nature of Crime 13
Cost of Crime 16
Crime as a Social and Public Policy Issue 17
Crime and the Media 18
Summary 19
Suggested Activities 20
Review 20
References 21
3 Scope of the Study 23
Objectives 23
Criminal Etiology 24
Development and Application of Law 26
Social Control of Crime 29
Crime Control Agencies 30
Criminology Today and Criminal Justice 31
Summary 32
Suggested Activities 32
Review 33
References 34
section 2 CRIME STATISTICS 34
4 Sources and Criticisms of Existing Crime Statistics 35
Objectives 35
Sources of Data 35
Weaknesses of Crime Statistics 38
An Overview of Crime Statistics 40
Summary 45
Suggested Activities 46
Review 46
References 47
5 Crime and Population Characteristics 49
Objectives 49
Crime and Residence 49
Crime and Age 52
Crime and Sex 56
Crime and Race 58
Crime and Social Class 59
Summary 61
Suggested Activities 62
Review 62
References 63
section 3 THEORIES OF CRIME 63
6 The Classical School 65
Objectives 65
The Devil, Crime, and the Law 66
The Enlightenment Philosophers 66
The Classical School of Criminology 68
The Neoclassical School of Criminology 71
Summary 71
Suggested Activities 72
Review 73
References 74
7 Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime 75
Objectives 75
The Positivist School of Criminology 76
Biological Theories of Crime 78
Psychological Theories of Crime 81
Summary 85
Suggested Activities 86
Review 86
References 87
8 Sociological Theories 89
Objectives 89
Crime, Society, and the Environment 90
Crime, Society, and Interactional Forces 92
Crime, Society, and Internal Restraints 95
Summary 97
Suggested Activities 98
Review 99
References 100
9 Political Explanations 101
Objectives 101
Crime, Economics, and Class Conflict 102
Crime and Political Conflict 103
Summary 106
Suggested Activities 107
Review 107
References 108
section 4 TYPES OF CRIME 108
10 Violent Crime 109
Objectives 109
Homicide 109
Assault 113
Rape 115
Robbery 117
Summary 118
Suggested Activities 119
Review 119
References 120
11 Property Crime 123
Objectives 123
Burglary 123
Larceny 125
Motor Vehicle Theft 127
Arson 128
Summary 128
Suggested Activities 129
Review 130
References 131
12 Victimless Crime 133
Objectives 133
Gambling 134
Voluntary Sexual Practices 135
Drug Usage 138
The Pros and Cons of Victimless Crime 143
Summary 144
Suggested Activities 144
Review 144
References 146
13 Organized Crime 149
Objectives 149
Definition of Organized Crime, 149.The Nature of Organized Crime 152
Summary 157
Suggested Activities 158
Review 159
References. 160
14 Occupational and Career-Oriented Crime 163
Objectives 163
Occupational Crimes 163
Career-Oriented Crimes 168
Summary 171
Suggested Activities 172
Review 172
References. 173
15 Political Crime 175
Objectives 175
Attacks against Government 176
Crimes by the Government, 178.Summary, 180.Suggested Activities, 180.Review, 181.References, 181.section 5 TYPES OF CRIMINALS 176
16 Violent Criminals 183
Objectives, 183.Murderers and Assaulters, 183.Rapists, 185.Types of Robbers, 186.The Victim's Role in Violent Crime, 188.Summary, 189.Suggested Activities, 190.Review, 190.References, 191. 183
17 Property Offenders 193
Objectives 193
Burglars 193
Larcenists 196
Auto Thieves 197
Summary 198
Suggested Activities 199
Review 200
References 201
18 Offenders of Public Morality 203
Objectives 203
Sex Offenders 203
Substance Abusers 207
Summary 210
Suggested Activities 210
Review 211
References, 212 211
19 Career and Occupational Criminals 215
Objectives 215
Crime as a Central Activity: Career Criminals 215
Crime as a Spin-off of Legitimate Business or Professions: Occupational Criminals 218
Politicians for Profit 221
Summary 222
Suggested Activities 222
Review 223
References 224
section 6 THE CRIMINAL LAW 224
20 Nature and Purpose of Law 225
Objectives 225
The Meaning and Purpose of Law 225
The Elements of Law 226
Natural and Positive Law 228
Statute and Case Law 229
Government Constitutions 229
The Bill of Rights 230
Legislative Functions within the United States 230
Substantive and Procedural Law 231
The Enforcement of Law 231
Summary 231
Suggested Activities 232
Review 233
References 234
21 Origins and Features of Criminal Law 235
Objectives 235
The Emergence of Criminal Law 236
Major Features of Criminal Law 238
The Distinction between Criminal and Civil Law 238
Crimes Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 239
Felonies and Misdemeanors 239
Summary 240
Suggested Activities 240
Review 241
References 242
22 Law and Social Control 243
Objectives 243
Social Control 243
Law and Morality 244
Use of Criminal Law as a Mechanism of Social Control 246
Sex, Alcohol, and Drugs 247
Use of Civil Law as a Mechanism of Social Control 251
Summary 252
Suggested Activities 253
Review 253
References 254
23 Law and Interest Groups 257
Objectives 257
Interest Groups 258
Direct and Indirect Interests 258
Alcohol and Drugs 259
Interest Groups and the Enforcement of Laws 262
Summary 262
Suggested Activities 263
Review 263
References 264
24 Criminal Responsibility 267
Objectives 267
Actus Reus and Mens Rea 268
Lack of Criminal Capacity 269
Lack of Criminal Culpability 273
Summary 275
Suggested Activities 275
Review 276
References 277
25 History of the Police 279
Objectives 279
Public Versus Private Law Enforcement 280
The Development of Public Law Enforcement 280
Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Agencies 284
Summary 286
Suggested Activities 287
Review 287
References 288
26 Role of the Police 289
Objectives 289
The Diversity of Police Agencies 289
Law Enforcement, Order Maintenance, and Service Functions 290
The Police and the Community 294
Summary 295
Suggested Activities 296
Review 296
References 297
27 Police Professionalism 299
Objectives 299
Professionalism 299
Minimum Entrance Requirements 301
Training, 302 Police Chiefs 303
Police Organizations 304
Police Accountability 305
Summary 306
Suggested Activities 306
Review 306
References 307
28 The Police and Suspects 309
Objectives 309
Packer's Crime Control and Due Process Models of the Criminal Process 310
The United States Constitution 311
Consent and the Police Process 311
Arrest and Search and Seizure 312
Stop and Frisk and Other Limited Intrusions 313
Confessions and other Incriminating Statements 313
Right to Counsel 314
The Exclusion of Illegally Obtained Evidence 314
Summary 315
Suggested Activities 316
Review 316
References 317
section 8 THE COURTS 317
29 The Criminal Courts 319
Objectives 319
The Courts 320
Civil and Criminal Courts 320
Federal and State Courts 321
The Federal Criminal Courts 322
The State Criminal Courts 323
Summary 324
Suggested Activities 325
Review 325
References 326
30 Judges and Lawyers 329
Objectives 329
The Judges 329
Public Prosecutors 333
Defense Attorneys 335
Summary 337
Suggested Activities 337
Review 338
References 339
31 Initial Stages of the Court Process 341
Objectives 341
The Criminal Court Process 341
Bail or Jail? 344
Summary 347
Suggested Activities 347
Review 348
References 349
32 Case Resolution 351
Objectives 351
Plea Bargaining 352
The Trial Process 354
Summary 357
Suggested Activities 358
Review 359
References 360
section 9 CORRECTIONS 360
33 Sentencing the Convicted Offender 361
Objectives 361
Retribution,Rehabilitation,Incapacitation,and Deterrence 362
The Sentencing Structure 364
The Death Penalty 365
The Sentencing Process 368
Sentencing Disparity 369
Summary 371
Suggested Activities 372
Review 372
References 374
34 Noninstitutional Corrections 377
Objectives 377
Fines 378
Restitution 378
Community Service Orders 379
Probation 380
Summary 384
Suggested Activities 385
Review 385
References 387
35 Institutional Corrections 389
Objectives 389
History of Imprisonment in the United States 390
Modern Penal Institutions 391
The Prison Population 393
Prison Programs 393
Prison Conditions 396
Prison Discipline 397
Prison Subculture 398
Summary 399
Suggested Activities 400
Review 400
References 401
36 Reintegrating the Offender 403
Objectives 403
Reintegration 404
Furloughs and Work and Study Release 405
Parole 406
Halfway Houses 410
Measuring Success 411
Summary 413
Suggested Activities 415
Review 415
References 417
section 10 CONTROLLING CRIME 417
37 Controlling Crime: Outlook for the Future 419
Objectives 419
Social Programs 420
Decriminalization 420
The Police Role in Crime Prevention 421
Private Security 422
Security Measures 423
Problem Resolution 425
Summary 427
Suggested Activities 427
Review 428
References 429
Index 431