FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINOLOGY 2ND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

section 1 THE STUDY OF CRIME 1

1 Definition of Crime, Criminals, and Criminology 1

Objectives 1

Definition of Crime 3

Definition of the Criminal 7

Definition of Criminology 8

Summary 8

Suggested Activities 9

Review 9

References 10

2 Significance of the Crime Problem 13

Objectives 13

Nature of Crime 13

Cost of Crime 16

Crime as a Social and Public Policy Issue 17

Crime and the Media 18

Summary 19

Suggested Activities 20

Review 20

References 21

3 Scope of the Study 23

Objectives 23

Criminal Etiology 24

Development and Application of Law 26

Social Control of Crime 29

Crime Control Agencies 30

Criminology Today and Criminal Justice 31

Summary 32

Suggested Activities 32

Review 33

References 34

section 2 CRIME STATISTICS 34

4 Sources and Criticisms of Existing Crime Statistics 35

Objectives 35

Sources of Data 35

Weaknesses of Crime Statistics 38

An Overview of Crime Statistics 40

Summary 45

Suggested Activities 46

Review 46

References 47

5 Crime and Population Characteristics 49

Objectives 49

Crime and Residence 49

Crime and Age 52

Crime and Sex 56

Crime and Race 58

Crime and Social Class 59

Summary 61

Suggested Activities 62

Review 62

References 63

section 3 THEORIES OF CRIME 63

6 The Classical School 65

Objectives 65

The Devil, Crime, and the Law 66

The Enlightenment Philosophers 66

The Classical School of Criminology 68

The Neoclassical School of Criminology 71

Summary 71

Suggested Activities 72

Review 73

References 74

7 Biological and Psychological Theories of Crime 75

Objectives 75

The Positivist School of Criminology 76

Biological Theories of Crime 78

Psychological Theories of Crime 81

Summary 85

Suggested Activities 86

Review 86

References 87

8 Sociological Theories 89

Objectives 89

Crime, Society, and the Environment 90

Crime, Society, and Interactional Forces 92

Crime, Society, and Internal Restraints 95

Summary 97

Suggested Activities 98

Review 99

References 100

9 Political Explanations 101

Objectives 101

Crime, Economics, and Class Conflict 102

Crime and Political Conflict 103

Summary 106

Suggested Activities 107

Review 107

References 108

section 4 TYPES OF CRIME 108

10 Violent Crime 109

Objectives 109

Homicide 109

Assault 113

Rape 115

Robbery 117

Summary 118

Suggested Activities 119

Review 119

References 120

11 Property Crime 123

Objectives 123

Burglary 123

Larceny 125

Motor Vehicle Theft 127

Arson 128

Summary 128

Suggested Activities 129

Review 130

References 131

12 Victimless Crime 133

Objectives 133

Gambling 134

Voluntary Sexual Practices 135

Drug Usage 138

The Pros and Cons of Victimless Crime 143

Summary 144

Suggested Activities 144

Review 144

References 146

13 Organized Crime 149

Objectives 149

Definition of Organized Crime, 149.The Nature of Organized Crime 152

Summary 157

Suggested Activities 158

Review 159

References. 160

14 Occupational and Career-Oriented Crime 163

Objectives 163

Occupational Crimes 163

Career-Oriented Crimes 168

Summary 171

Suggested Activities 172

Review 172

References. 173

15 Political Crime 175

Objectives 175

Attacks against Government 176

Crimes by the Government, 178.Summary, 180.Suggested Activities, 180.Review, 181.References, 181.section 5 TYPES OF CRIMINALS 176

16 Violent Criminals 183

Objectives, 183.Murderers and Assaulters, 183.Rapists, 185.Types of Robbers, 186.The Victim's Role in Violent Crime, 188.Summary, 189.Suggested Activities, 190.Review, 190.References, 191. 183

17 Property Offenders 193

Objectives 193

Burglars 193

Larcenists 196

Auto Thieves 197

Summary 198

Suggested Activities 199

Review 200

References 201

18 Offenders of Public Morality 203

Objectives 203

Sex Offenders 203

Substance Abusers 207

Summary 210

Suggested Activities 210

Review 211

References, 212 211

19 Career and Occupational Criminals 215

Objectives 215

Crime as a Central Activity: Career Criminals 215

Crime as a Spin-off of Legitimate Business or Professions: Occupational Criminals 218

Politicians for Profit 221

Summary 222

Suggested Activities 222

Review 223

References 224

section 6 THE CRIMINAL LAW 224

20 Nature and Purpose of Law 225

Objectives 225

The Meaning and Purpose of Law 225

The Elements of Law 226

Natural and Positive Law 228

Statute and Case Law 229

Government Constitutions 229

The Bill of Rights 230

Legislative Functions within the United States 230

Substantive and Procedural Law 231

The Enforcement of Law 231

Summary 231

Suggested Activities 232

Review 233

References 234

21 Origins and Features of Criminal Law 235

Objectives 235

The Emergence of Criminal Law 236

Major Features of Criminal Law 238

The Distinction between Criminal and Civil Law 238

Crimes Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita 239

Felonies and Misdemeanors 239

Summary 240

Suggested Activities 240

Review 241

References 242

22 Law and Social Control 243

Objectives 243

Social Control 243

Law and Morality 244

Use of Criminal Law as a Mechanism of Social Control 246

Sex, Alcohol, and Drugs 247

Use of Civil Law as a Mechanism of Social Control 251

Summary 252

Suggested Activities 253

Review 253

References 254

23 Law and Interest Groups 257

Objectives 257

Interest Groups 258

Direct and Indirect Interests 258

Alcohol and Drugs 259

Interest Groups and the Enforcement of Laws 262

Summary 262

Suggested Activities 263

Review 263

References 264

24 Criminal Responsibility 267

Objectives 267

Actus Reus and Mens Rea 268

Lack of Criminal Capacity 269

Lack of Criminal Culpability 273

Summary 275

Suggested Activities 275

Review 276

References 277

25 History of the Police 279

Objectives 279

Public Versus Private Law Enforcement 280

The Development of Public Law Enforcement 280

Federal, State, and Local Law Enforcement Agencies 284

Summary 286

Suggested Activities 287

Review 287

References 288

26 Role of the Police 289

Objectives 289

The Diversity of Police Agencies 289

Law Enforcement, Order Maintenance, and Service Functions 290

The Police and the Community 294

Summary 295

Suggested Activities 296

Review 296

References 297

27 Police Professionalism 299

Objectives 299

Professionalism 299

Minimum Entrance Requirements 301

Training, 302 Police Chiefs 303

Police Organizations 304

Police Accountability 305

Summary 306

Suggested Activities 306

Review 306

References 307

28 The Police and Suspects 309

Objectives 309

Packer's Crime Control and Due Process Models of the Criminal Process 310

The United States Constitution 311

Consent and the Police Process 311

Arrest and Search and Seizure 312

Stop and Frisk and Other Limited Intrusions 313

Confessions and other Incriminating Statements 313

Right to Counsel 314

The Exclusion of Illegally Obtained Evidence 314

Summary 315

Suggested Activities 316

Review 316

References 317

section 8 THE COURTS 317

29 The Criminal Courts 319

Objectives 319

The Courts 320

Civil and Criminal Courts 320

Federal and State Courts 321

The Federal Criminal Courts 322

The State Criminal Courts 323

Summary 324

Suggested Activities 325

Review 325

References 326

30 Judges and Lawyers 329

Objectives 329

The Judges 329

Public Prosecutors 333

Defense Attorneys 335

Summary 337

Suggested Activities 337

Review 338

References 339

31 Initial Stages of the Court Process 341

Objectives 341

The Criminal Court Process 341

Bail or Jail? 344

Summary 347

Suggested Activities 347

Review 348

References 349

32 Case Resolution 351

Objectives 351

Plea Bargaining 352

The Trial Process 354

Summary 357

Suggested Activities 358

Review 359

References 360

section 9 CORRECTIONS 360

33 Sentencing the Convicted Offender 361

Objectives 361

Retribution,Rehabilitation,Incapacitation,and Deterrence 362

The Sentencing Structure 364

The Death Penalty 365

The Sentencing Process 368

Sentencing Disparity 369

Summary 371

Suggested Activities 372

Review 372

References 374

34 Noninstitutional Corrections 377

Objectives 377

Fines 378

Restitution 378

Community Service Orders 379

Probation 380

Summary 384

Suggested Activities 385

Review 385

References 387

35 Institutional Corrections 389

Objectives 389

History of Imprisonment in the United States 390

Modern Penal Institutions 391

The Prison Population 393

Prison Programs 393

Prison Conditions 396

Prison Discipline 397

Prison Subculture 398

Summary 399

Suggested Activities 400

Review 400

References 401

36 Reintegrating the Offender 403

Objectives 403

Reintegration 404

Furloughs and Work and Study Release 405

Parole 406

Halfway Houses 410

Measuring Success 411

Summary 413

Suggested Activities 415

Review 415

References 417

section 10 CONTROLLING CRIME 417

37 Controlling Crime: Outlook for the Future 419

Objectives 419

Social Programs 420

Decriminalization 420

The Police Role in Crime Prevention 421

Private Security 422

Security Measures 423

Problem Resolution 425

Summary 427

Suggested Activities 427

Review 428

References 429

Index 431