Chapter 1 Acquainting Yourself with Ethics A Tour o f the Ethics Hall o f Fame 1
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 2
Key Terms and Definitions 2
Overview 3
Exhibit 1—Knowledge and Reasoning 3
A Life Unexamined Is Not Worth Living 4
Exploring Virtue 5
Knowledge and Virtue 5
The Reasoning Process 6
Socratic Reasoning 7
The Death of Socrates 8
Exhibit 2—Intellect and Truth 9
Sources of Intellect 9
Nature of the Truth 10
Plato’s Divided Line 11
Plato’s Dual Truths: Physical and Metaphysical 12
Exhibit 3—The Nature of Reality 13
Discovering Reality 14
Aristotle’s Ethical Realism 14
Exhibit 4—The Nature of Morality 16
Morality and Ethics 17
Morality Defined 17
Moral Principles 18
Relativist Views of Morality 18
Situational Morality 19
The Jimmy Carter Story 20
Exhibit 5—Nature of Goodness 21
The Good Life 22
The Grammar of Goodness 22
The Principle of Summum Bonum 25
A Guiding Formula for Moral Judgment 26
E=PJ2 27
E = PJ2 in Practice 28
Summary 31
Exhibit 6—Actions and Consequences 32
Bad Actions/Good Consequences 32
Good Actions/Bad Consequences 33
The Utilitarian Measure 34
Pioneers of Utilitarianism 34
Exhibit 7—Determinism and Intentionalism 36
Determinism 36
Scientific Determinism 37
Intentionalism 38
Exhibit 8—The Ethical Person 39
Profile of the Ethical Person 40
Review Questions 42
References 43
Chapter 2 Familiarizing Yourself with Ethics Nature, Definitions, and Categories 45
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 46
Key Terms and Definitions 46
Overview 47
Captain Balian’s Story 47
Was the Captain Right? 48
Lieutenant Lotem’s Story 49
Was the Lieutenant Right? 50
Moral Judgment in Criminal Justice 51
Warning: The Deception of Occupational Subculture 52
Occupational Subculture 53
The Philosophy of Wisdom 54
Wisdom and Knowledge 55
Fallacious Reasoning 56
The Nature of Ethics 58
Ethics Defined 58
A Definitional Caveat 59
The Scope of Ethics 60
Ethical Theory 61
Credibility of Ethics 62
The Rule of Reasonableness 62
Categories of Ethical Theory: Normative and Metaethics 64
Normative Ethics 65
Metaethics 65
Normative Ethics: Deontological and Teleological 67
Deontological Theory 67
Teleological Theory 68
Historical Origins of Ethics 69
Metaphysical/Eternal Law View 70
Religious View 71
Social and Legalistic Views 73
The Medieval View 74
The Social Contract View 75
Review Questions 77
References 78
Chapter 3 Understanding Criminal Justice Ethics Sources and Sanctions 81
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 82
Key Terms and Definitions 82
Overview 82
Ethics of Natural Law 83
Natural Law Defined 83
Natural Law as the Law of Humanity 84
Relevance of Natural Law 86
The Hierarchical Order of Virtues 87
Moral Implications 88
Ethics of Religious Testaments 88
The Role of Religion in Society 89
Radical Views of Religion 90
Dysfunctions of Religion 91
Religion and Ethics 91
Ethics in Christianity 92
Moral Implications 94
Ethics of Constitutional Provisions 95
Ethics of the U.S.Constitution 96
Ethics of Law 98
The Idea of Legitimacy 99
Ethics of Positive Law 100
The Edwin Meese Syndrome 100
The Imperative of Ethical Discretion 101
Ethical Discretion 102
Incorruptibility 103
Conclusions 104
Professional Codes of Ethics 105
The Function of Codes 108
Ethics of Public Service 109
Ethics of Professionalism 111
Moral Implications 113
Philosophical Theories of Ethics 113
Review Questions 114
References 115
Chapter 4 Meeting the Masters Ethical Theories, Concepts, and Issues 117
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 118
Key Terms and Definitions 118
Overview 119
The Stoicism School: Ethics of Freedom from Passion, Moral Fortitude,and Tranquility （Epictetus） 120
Introduction 120
Epictetus: Inner Peace and Contentment through Self-Discipline 123
Epictetus’s Ethical Theory 124
Major Issues in Epictetus’s Ethical Philosophy 124
The Hedonistic School: Ethics of the Pursuit of Pleasure （Aristippus and Epicurus） 126
Introduction 126
Aristippus: The Cyrenaic （Egotistic） School of Hedonism 128
Aristippus’s Philosophical Theory 128
Epicurus: The Epicurean School of Prudence, Tranquility, and Intellectual Hedonism 129
Epicurus’s Ethical Theory 130
Major Issues in Epicurus’s Ethical Philosophy 130
The Virtue School: Ethics of Knowledge and Moral Character （Plato and Aristotle） 132
Introduction 132
Plato: The Virtues of Perfection through Knowledge and Justice 133
Plato’s Philosophical Theory 134
Major Issues in Plato’s Ethical Philosophy 135
Aristotle: The Virtues of Moral Character and Self-Realization 138
Aristotle’s Philosophical Theory 139
Major Issues in Aristotle’s Ethical Philosophy 140
The Religious （Scholastic） School: Ethics of the Love of God （Augustine and Aquinas） 144
Introduction 144
Saint Augustine: Spiritual Safety and the Happiness of Salvation 145
Saint Augustine’s Ethical Theory 146
Major Issues in Saint Augustine’s Ethical Philosophy 148
Saint Thomas Aquinas: Morality as the Vision of God 150
Aquinas’s Ethical Theory 151
Major Issues in Aquinas’s Ethical Philosophy 152
The Naturalistic School: Ethics of Egoism and Power （Hobbes and Nietzsche） 155
Introduction 155
Thomas Hobbes: Ethics of “Might Makes Right” 156
Hobbes’s Ethical Theory 157
Major Issues in Hobbes’s Ethical Philosophy 158
Friedrich Nietzsche: Ethics of the Superman 160
Nietzsche’s Ethical Theory 161
Major Issues in Nietzsche’s Ethical Philosophy 162
Ethics of Utilitarianism （Bentham） 164
Introduction 164
Jeremy Bentham: Ethical Hedonism and Social Happiness 166
Bentham’s Ethical Theory 167
Major Issues in Bentham’s Ethical Philosophy 168
Ethics of Duty and Reason （Kant） 171
Introduction 171
Kant’s Ethical Theory 172
Major Issues in Kant’s Ethical Philosophy 173
The Existential School: Ethics of Moral Individualism and Freedom of Choice （Sartre and de Beauvoir） 176
Introduction 176
Sartre and de Beauvoir 178
Major Issues in Existential Theory 179
Ethics of Social Justice （Rawls） 182
Introduction 182
John Rawls: Ethics of Social Justice 184
Rawls’s Ethical Theory 184
Major Issues in Rawls’s Ethical Philosophy 186
Review Questions 189
References 190
Chapter 5 The Ambivalent Reality Major Unethical Themes in Criminal Justice Management 193
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 194
Key Terms and Definitions 194
Overview 194
The Imperative of Ethics in Criminal Justice 196
A House on the Sand: The Spoils of Management 198
The Cunning of Unethical Management 199
The Harvest of Shame 200
Principle-Based Management 201
The Challenge of Principle-Based Management 202
Rethinking Professionalism 204
The Truth of Professionalism: Looking Good versus Being Good 205
The Lungs of Professionalism: Integrated Thinking and Moral Agility 206
Institutional Integrity 207
Rushmorean Criminal Justice Agencies 209
A Profile of Rushmorean Courage: Coleen Rowley, the FBI Agent Who Directed Her Boss 210
The Extent of Corruption in Criminal Justice Agencies 213
The Root Sins in Criminal Justice Management 214
References 215
Chapter 6 Lying and Deception in Criminal Justice 217
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 218
Key Terms and Definitions 218
Introduction and Confession 218
General Theory of Lying 219
The Origins of Lying 220
The Doctrine of Veracity 222
Can Lying Be Morally Justifiable? 222
Basic Rules on Lying 224
The Extent of Lying 225
Institutional Lying in Criminal Justice 227
Lying in Policing 228
Lying in Probation 229
Lying in Parole 230
Lying in Corrections 231
Conclusions 232
Review Questions 232
References 233
Chapter 7 Racial Prejudice and Racial Discrimination 235
What You Will Learn From This Chapter 236
Key Terms and Definitions 236
Overview 237
Glimpses of Racism in Criminal Justice 237
Nature of Racial Injustice 239
The Wilberforce Story 240
The Ethical View of Racial Injustice 241
Basic Theory of Prejudice 241
Prejudice and Knowledge 243
Targets of Prejudice 244
Types of Prejudice: Cultural and Psychological 244
Basic Theory of Discrimination 246
Roots of Racism 247
The Mystical Conception of Racism 247
The Biological Conception of Racism 249
Social and Legal Conceptions of Racism 253
The Social View 253
The Legal View 255
Institutional Racism 257
Reverse Discrimination 258
Is the Criminal Justice System Racist? 260
The Debate 260
Accusations against Police 261
Accusations against the Correctional System 262
Accusations against Parole 262
The Wilbanks Rebuttal 262
Exploratory Issues in Racism 263
Moral Guidelines in Understanding Racism 264
Conclusions 266
Review Questions 266
References 267
Chapter 8 Egoism and the Abuse of Authority 269
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 270
Key Terms and Definitions 270
Overview 270
Glimpses of Egoism in Criminal Justice 271
Perceptions of Egoism in Criminal Justice 273
The Blindness of Egoism 275
Types of Egoism 276
Egoism—The Natural View Theory 276
Hobbes’s Theory of Natural Egoism 277
Egoism—The Altruistic View Theory 277
Butler’s Theory of Altruistic Egoism 278
Official Responsibility: The Antidote for Natural Egoism 280
Official Responsibility 281
Authority Defined 281
Power Defined 282
Egoism as Deadly Force 282
Capital Punishment as State Egoism 284
The Abolitionist View 285
The Retentionist View 286
Comments and Questions to Ponder 287
Egoism—Ethics of Means and Ends 290
The Dirty Harry Scenario 292
The D’Angelo versus Kirkham Scenario 292
Discussion 293
Ethical Guidelines 295
Conclusions 295
Review Questions 296
References 297
Chapter 9 Misguided Loyalties To Whom, to What, at What Price? 301
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 302
Key Terms and Definitions 302
Overview 303
The Continuing Controversy 304
The Ideal of Loyalty 305
The Grammar of Workplace Loyalties 306
The Physiology of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 308
The Peculiar Nature of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 309
The Paradoxical Nature of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 310
Cases in Point 312
Case No.1: A Police Situation 312
Case No.2: A Corrections Situation 312
Discussion 313
Two Controlling Realities 314
Five Investigatory Questions 315
Three Self-Evident Truths 316
First: Contractible and Noncontractible Obligations 316
Second: The Primacy of Justice in the Equation of Criminal Justice 316
Third: Institutional Integrity 317
Logical Findings 317
Cultural and Ethical Concerns 318
Unionized versus Nonunionized Agencies 320
The Goliath of Disloyalty 320
The Strain of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 322
Arguments in Support of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 322
Personal Loyalty to Superiors Fosters Supererogation 323
Personal Loyalty to Superiors Bolsters Institutional Responsibility 323
Personal Loyalty to Superiors Inhibits Organizational Disloyalty 324
Personal Loyalty to Superiors Enhances Institutional Integrity 324
Arguments against Personal Loyalty to Superiors 325
The Ethical Imperative: The Duty-Based Thesis 326
First: The Use of the Word Loyalty Should Be Avoided in the Context of Relationships between Superiors and Subordinates 326
Second: Dutiful Supervision Should Be Strengthened 327
Third: Professional Accountability Should Be Maximized 327
Review Questions 329
References 329
Chapter 10 Ethics of Criminal Justice Today What Is Being Done and What Can Be Done? 333
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 334
Key Terms and Definitions 334
Overview 334
The Dual Essence of Criminal Justice: The Social Order and the Moral Order 336
The Dual Practice of Criminal Justice: The Ideal Model and the Serviceable Model 337
The Serviceable Model: Moral Double Bookkeeping 339
Physiology of the Serviceable Model 340
Critique of the Serviceable Model 341
Where Do We Go from Here? 341
References 342
Chapter 11 Ethics and Police 345
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 346
Key Terms and Definitions 346
Overview 346
The Problematic Nature of Policing 347
The Peculiar Environment of the Police 349
The Semiprofessional Professionals 350
The Police Prerogative to Abuse Power 352
Concerns Pertinent to the Nature of Police Power 352
Concerns Pertinent to Lack of Trust 353
The Police in Search of a Soul 353
The Intellectual Virtue: Ethics of Democracy 354
Why Not Democracy? 355
Democratic Ethics 357
Basic Democratic Principles 358
The Rodney King Case 359
Haven’t We Learned Anything Yet? 360
The Farther Reaches of Democratic Ethics 361
The Moral Virtue: Ethics of Shunning Corruption 363
Corruption Defined 363
Scope of Police Corruption 364
The Dust and Ashes of Corruption 365
Hedonistic and Obligatory Corruption 366
Gratuities, Bribes, and Payoffs 366
Theft and Burglary 367
Sexual Misconduct 367
When Police Are Out of Control 367
Obligatory Corruption 369
The Obligatory Ethic Not to Deceive 370
Can Corruption Be Administratively Stopped? 372
Review Questions 373
References 374
Chapter 12 Ethics and Corrections （Prisons） 377
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 378
Key Terms and Definitions 378
Overview 378
The Corrections Debate 380
Ethics of Life for Life: The Influence of Beccaria 381
Ethics of Life for Life: The Morality of Punishment 383
Ethics of Life for Life: The Moral Justifications for Prisons 384
Retribution 385
Prevention/Incapacitation 385
Deterrence 386
Rehabilitation 386
Ethics of Life for Life: A Society That Loves Walls 387
Ethics of Life for Life: Putting Pain Back into Prisons 388
From the Ethics of Life for Life to the Ethics of Man and Corrections:Changing Attitudes about Prisons 390
Ethics of Contemporary Corrections 392
Ethics of Retribution 392
Lex Talionis 392
Punishment Works 393
Ethics of Treatment 395
Does Rehabilitation Work? 396
Methods of Rehabilitation 397
The State of Rehabilitation Today 397
Ethics of Man and Corrections: What Good Is Brutality? 398
The Brutality Issue 400
Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Scapegoating Theory 401
The Influence of Foucault 402
Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Holier-than-Thou Syndrome 403
Crime as Virus 404
A Camp of Outcasts 405
Ethics of Man and Corrections: We’re All Doing Time 406
Ethics of Man and Corrections: Postcards from Prison 407
Ethics of Man and Corrections: Rehabilitation through Inner Corrections 409
Inner Corrections 409
The Future of Inner Corrections 410
Corruption of Prison Personnel 411
Patterns of Prison Corruption 412
Assessment of Prison Corruption 415
Review Questions 416
References 417
Chapter 13 Ethics of Probation and Parole 421
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 422
Key Terms and Definitions 422
Overview 422
The Professional Orientation of Probation and Parole 423
The Probation Mystique 425
The Borderless Community 426
The Yellow Wind 428
Romancing the Stone or Stoning the Romance: Ethics of Community-Based Corrections 429
The Case for Community-Based Corrections 430
The Case against Community-Based Corrections 432
The Leniency View of Morris and Tonry 432
Intensive Probation 433
Electronic Monitoring 435
The Severity View of von Hirsh 437
Proportionality and Desert 437
Restrictions against Humiliation and Degradation 438
Implications Concerning the Privacy of Third Parties 438
Work Strategies of Probation and Parole Practitioners 439
Common Unethical Practices in Probation/Parole 440
Ethical Choices in Probation/Parole 442
The Punitive/Law Enforcement Practitioner 442
The Welfare/Therapeutic Practitioner 442
The Passive/Time Server Practitioner 443
The Combined Model Practitioner 443
Review Questions 444
References 445
Chapter 14 The Truth Revealed Civility—The Mother o f All Virtues 449
What You Will Learn from This Chapter 450
Key Terms and Definitions 450
In Essence 450
Overview 451
The Machination of Ethics: Morality and Civility 452
Civility Defined 455
Creating a Climate Conducive to Civility 457
Ⅰ: Developing an Enlightened Mind 457
Ⅱ: Creating a Climate Conducive to Civility 460
Ⅲ: Preserving Justice Above All 461
Ⅳ: Strengthening Civility and Democracy 463
Ⅴ: Promoting the Common Good 465
Ⅵ: Reinforcing Integrated Knowledge 467
Ⅶ: What the Theorists Say 468
Civility by George Washington 468
Civility by James Q.Wilson 468
Civility by Tom Morris 470
Civility by James O’Toole 471
Ⅷ: Five Stories to Remember 472
1.Rudeness at the Houston Airport 472
2.The Finnish Minister 473
3.Is There Crime in New Zealand? 474
4.Civility among Enemies 475
5.The Pope Who Made Civility a Religion 476
Conclusions 478
Review Questions 479
References 480
Chapter 15 What Can Be Done to Restore Ethics? Concluding Comments 481
Reflections and Ethical Lessons to Teach 482
An Ethical Lesson to Teach Criminal Justice Practitioners 483
Name Index 485
Subject Index 493