ETHICS IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN SEARCH OF THE TRUTH FIFTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Acquainting Yourself with Ethics A Tour o f the Ethics Hall o f Fame 1

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 2

Key Terms and Definitions 2

Overview 3

Exhibit 1—Knowledge and Reasoning 3

A Life Unexamined Is Not Worth Living 4

Exploring Virtue 5

Knowledge and Virtue 5

The Reasoning Process 6

Socratic Reasoning 7

The Death of Socrates 8

Exhibit 2—Intellect and Truth 9

Sources of Intellect 9

Nature of the Truth 10

Plato’s Divided Line 11

Plato’s Dual Truths: Physical and Metaphysical 12

Exhibit 3—The Nature of Reality 13

Discovering Reality 14

Aristotle’s Ethical Realism 14

Exhibit 4—The Nature of Morality 16

Morality and Ethics 17

Morality Defined 17

Moral Principles 18

Relativist Views of Morality 18

Situational Morality 19

The Jimmy Carter Story 20

Exhibit 5—Nature of Goodness 21

The Good Life 22

The Grammar of Goodness 22

The Principle of Summum Bonum 25

A Guiding Formula for Moral Judgment 26

E=PJ2 27

E = PJ2 in Practice 28

Summary 31

Exhibit 6—Actions and Consequences 32

Bad Actions/Good Consequences 32

Good Actions/Bad Consequences 33

The Utilitarian Measure 34

Pioneers of Utilitarianism 34

Exhibit 7—Determinism and Intentionalism 36

Determinism 36

Scientific Determinism 37

Intentionalism 38

Exhibit 8—The Ethical Person 39

Profile of the Ethical Person 40

Review Questions 42

References 43

Chapter 2 Familiarizing Yourself with Ethics Nature, Definitions, and Categories 45

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 46

Key Terms and Definitions 46

Overview 47

Captain Balian’s Story 47

Was the Captain Right? 48

Lieutenant Lotem’s Story 49

Was the Lieutenant Right? 50

Moral Judgment in Criminal Justice 51

Warning: The Deception of Occupational Subculture 52

Occupational Subculture 53

The Philosophy of Wisdom 54

Wisdom and Knowledge 55

Fallacious Reasoning 56

The Nature of Ethics 58

Ethics Defined 58

A Definitional Caveat 59

The Scope of Ethics 60

Ethical Theory 61

Credibility of Ethics 62

The Rule of Reasonableness 62

Categories of Ethical Theory: Normative and Metaethics 64

Normative Ethics 65

Metaethics 65

Normative Ethics: Deontological and Teleological 67

Deontological Theory 67

Teleological Theory 68

Historical Origins of Ethics 69

Metaphysical/Eternal Law View 70

Religious View 71

Social and Legalistic Views 73

The Medieval View 74

The Social Contract View 75

Review Questions 77

References 78

Chapter 3 Understanding Criminal Justice Ethics Sources and Sanctions 81

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 82

Key Terms and Definitions 82

Overview 82

Ethics of Natural Law 83

Natural Law Defined 83

Natural Law as the Law of Humanity 84

Relevance of Natural Law 86

The Hierarchical Order of Virtues 87

Moral Implications 88

Ethics of Religious Testaments 88

The Role of Religion in Society 89

Radical Views of Religion 90

Dysfunctions of Religion 91

Religion and Ethics 91

Ethics in Christianity 92

Moral Implications 94

Ethics of Constitutional Provisions 95

Ethics of the U.S.Constitution 96

Ethics of Law 98

The Idea of Legitimacy 99

Ethics of Positive Law 100

The Edwin Meese Syndrome 100

The Imperative of Ethical Discretion 101

Ethical Discretion 102

Incorruptibility 103

Conclusions 104

Professional Codes of Ethics 105

The Function of Codes 108

Ethics of Public Service 109

Ethics of Professionalism 111

Moral Implications 113

Philosophical Theories of Ethics 113

Review Questions 114

References 115

Chapter 4 Meeting the Masters Ethical Theories, Concepts, and Issues 117

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 118

Key Terms and Definitions 118

Overview 119

The Stoicism School: Ethics of Freedom from Passion, Moral Fortitude,and Tranquility （Epictetus） 120

Introduction 120

Epictetus: Inner Peace and Contentment through Self-Discipline 123

Epictetus’s Ethical Theory 124

Major Issues in Epictetus’s Ethical Philosophy 124

The Hedonistic School: Ethics of the Pursuit of Pleasure （Aristippus and Epicurus） 126

Introduction 126

Aristippus: The Cyrenaic （Egotistic） School of Hedonism 128

Aristippus’s Philosophical Theory 128

Epicurus: The Epicurean School of Prudence, Tranquility, and Intellectual Hedonism 129

Epicurus’s Ethical Theory 130

Major Issues in Epicurus’s Ethical Philosophy 130

The Virtue School: Ethics of Knowledge and Moral Character （Plato and Aristotle） 132

Introduction 132

Plato: The Virtues of Perfection through Knowledge and Justice 133

Plato’s Philosophical Theory 134

Major Issues in Plato’s Ethical Philosophy 135

Aristotle: The Virtues of Moral Character and Self-Realization 138

Aristotle’s Philosophical Theory 139

Major Issues in Aristotle’s Ethical Philosophy 140

The Religious （Scholastic） School: Ethics of the Love of God （Augustine and Aquinas） 144

Introduction 144

Saint Augustine: Spiritual Safety and the Happiness of Salvation 145

Saint Augustine’s Ethical Theory 146

Major Issues in Saint Augustine’s Ethical Philosophy 148

Saint Thomas Aquinas: Morality as the Vision of God 150

Aquinas’s Ethical Theory 151

Major Issues in Aquinas’s Ethical Philosophy 152

The Naturalistic School: Ethics of Egoism and Power （Hobbes and Nietzsche） 155

Introduction 155

Thomas Hobbes: Ethics of “Might Makes Right” 156

Hobbes’s Ethical Theory 157

Major Issues in Hobbes’s Ethical Philosophy 158

Friedrich Nietzsche: Ethics of the Superman 160

Nietzsche’s Ethical Theory 161

Major Issues in Nietzsche’s Ethical Philosophy 162

Ethics of Utilitarianism （Bentham） 164

Introduction 164

Jeremy Bentham: Ethical Hedonism and Social Happiness 166

Bentham’s Ethical Theory 167

Major Issues in Bentham’s Ethical Philosophy 168

Ethics of Duty and Reason （Kant） 171

Introduction 171

Kant’s Ethical Theory 172

Major Issues in Kant’s Ethical Philosophy 173

The Existential School: Ethics of Moral Individualism and Freedom of Choice （Sartre and de Beauvoir） 176

Introduction 176

Sartre and de Beauvoir 178

Major Issues in Existential Theory 179

Ethics of Social Justice （Rawls） 182

Introduction 182

John Rawls: Ethics of Social Justice 184

Rawls’s Ethical Theory 184

Major Issues in Rawls’s Ethical Philosophy 186

Review Questions 189

References 190

Chapter 5 The Ambivalent Reality Major Unethical Themes in Criminal Justice Management 193

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 194

Key Terms and Definitions 194

Overview 194

The Imperative of Ethics in Criminal Justice 196

A House on the Sand: The Spoils of Management 198

The Cunning of Unethical Management 199

The Harvest of Shame 200

Principle-Based Management 201

The Challenge of Principle-Based Management 202

Rethinking Professionalism 204

The Truth of Professionalism: Looking Good versus Being Good 205

The Lungs of Professionalism: Integrated Thinking and Moral Agility 206

Institutional Integrity 207

Rushmorean Criminal Justice Agencies 209

A Profile of Rushmorean Courage: Coleen Rowley, the FBI Agent Who Directed Her Boss 210

The Extent of Corruption in Criminal Justice Agencies 213

The Root Sins in Criminal Justice Management 214

References 215

Chapter 6 Lying and Deception in Criminal Justice 217

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 218

Key Terms and Definitions 218

Introduction and Confession 218

General Theory of Lying 219

The Origins of Lying 220

The Doctrine of Veracity 222

Can Lying Be Morally Justifiable? 222

Basic Rules on Lying 224

The Extent of Lying 225

Institutional Lying in Criminal Justice 227

Lying in Policing 228

Lying in Probation 229

Lying in Parole 230

Lying in Corrections 231

Conclusions 232

Review Questions 232

References 233

Chapter 7 Racial Prejudice and Racial Discrimination 235

What You Will Learn From This Chapter 236

Key Terms and Definitions 236

Overview 237

Glimpses of Racism in Criminal Justice 237

Nature of Racial Injustice 239

The Wilberforce Story 240

The Ethical View of Racial Injustice 241

Basic Theory of Prejudice 241

Prejudice and Knowledge 243

Targets of Prejudice 244

Types of Prejudice: Cultural and Psychological 244

Basic Theory of Discrimination 246

Roots of Racism 247

The Mystical Conception of Racism 247

The Biological Conception of Racism 249

Social and Legal Conceptions of Racism 253

The Social View 253

The Legal View 255

Institutional Racism 257

Reverse Discrimination 258

Is the Criminal Justice System Racist? 260

The Debate 260

Accusations against Police 261

Accusations against the Correctional System 262

Accusations against Parole 262

The Wilbanks Rebuttal 262

Exploratory Issues in Racism 263

Moral Guidelines in Understanding Racism 264

Conclusions 266

Review Questions 266

References 267

Chapter 8 Egoism and the Abuse of Authority 269

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 270

Key Terms and Definitions 270

Overview 270

Glimpses of Egoism in Criminal Justice 271

Perceptions of Egoism in Criminal Justice 273

The Blindness of Egoism 275

Types of Egoism 276

Egoism—The Natural View Theory 276

Hobbes’s Theory of Natural Egoism 277

Egoism—The Altruistic View Theory 277

Butler’s Theory of Altruistic Egoism 278

Official Responsibility: The Antidote for Natural Egoism 280

Official Responsibility 281

Authority Defined 281

Power Defined 282

Egoism as Deadly Force 282

Capital Punishment as State Egoism 284

The Abolitionist View 285

The Retentionist View 286

Comments and Questions to Ponder 287

Egoism—Ethics of Means and Ends 290

The Dirty Harry Scenario 292

The D’Angelo versus Kirkham Scenario 292

Discussion 293

Ethical Guidelines 295

Conclusions 295

Review Questions 296

References 297

Chapter 9 Misguided Loyalties To Whom, to What, at What Price? 301

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 302

Key Terms and Definitions 302

Overview 303

The Continuing Controversy 304

The Ideal of Loyalty 305

The Grammar of Workplace Loyalties 306

The Physiology of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 308

The Peculiar Nature of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 309

The Paradoxical Nature of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 310

Cases in Point 312

Case No.1: A Police Situation 312

Case No.2: A Corrections Situation 312

Discussion 313

Two Controlling Realities 314

Five Investigatory Questions 315

Three Self-Evident Truths 316

First: Contractible and Noncontractible Obligations 316

Second: The Primacy of Justice in the Equation of Criminal Justice 316

Third: Institutional Integrity 317

Logical Findings 317

Cultural and Ethical Concerns 318

Unionized versus Nonunionized Agencies 320

The Goliath of Disloyalty 320

The Strain of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 322

Arguments in Support of Personal Loyalty to Superiors 322

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Fosters Supererogation 323

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Bolsters Institutional Responsibility 323

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Inhibits Organizational Disloyalty 324

Personal Loyalty to Superiors Enhances Institutional Integrity 324

Arguments against Personal Loyalty to Superiors 325

The Ethical Imperative: The Duty-Based Thesis 326

First: The Use of the Word Loyalty Should Be Avoided in the Context of Relationships between Superiors and Subordinates 326

Second: Dutiful Supervision Should Be Strengthened 327

Third: Professional Accountability Should Be Maximized 327

Review Questions 329

References 329

Chapter 10 Ethics of Criminal Justice Today What Is Being Done and What Can Be Done? 333

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 334

Key Terms and Definitions 334

Overview 334

The Dual Essence of Criminal Justice: The Social Order and the Moral Order 336

The Dual Practice of Criminal Justice: The Ideal Model and the Serviceable Model 337

The Serviceable Model: Moral Double Bookkeeping 339

Physiology of the Serviceable Model 340

Critique of the Serviceable Model 341

Where Do We Go from Here? 341

References 342

Chapter 11 Ethics and Police 345

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 346

Key Terms and Definitions 346

Overview 346

The Problematic Nature of Policing 347

The Peculiar Environment of the Police 349

The Semiprofessional Professionals 350

The Police Prerogative to Abuse Power 352

Concerns Pertinent to the Nature of Police Power 352

Concerns Pertinent to Lack of Trust 353

The Police in Search of a Soul 353

The Intellectual Virtue: Ethics of Democracy 354

Why Not Democracy? 355

Democratic Ethics 357

Basic Democratic Principles 358

The Rodney King Case 359

Haven’t We Learned Anything Yet? 360

The Farther Reaches of Democratic Ethics 361

The Moral Virtue: Ethics of Shunning Corruption 363

Corruption Defined 363

Scope of Police Corruption 364

The Dust and Ashes of Corruption 365

Hedonistic and Obligatory Corruption 366

Gratuities, Bribes, and Payoffs 366

Theft and Burglary 367

Sexual Misconduct 367

When Police Are Out of Control 367

Obligatory Corruption 369

The Obligatory Ethic Not to Deceive 370

Can Corruption Be Administratively Stopped? 372

Review Questions 373

References 374

Chapter 12 Ethics and Corrections （Prisons） 377

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 378

Key Terms and Definitions 378

Overview 378

The Corrections Debate 380

Ethics of Life for Life: The Influence of Beccaria 381

Ethics of Life for Life: The Morality of Punishment 383

Ethics of Life for Life: The Moral Justifications for Prisons 384

Retribution 385

Prevention/Incapacitation 385

Deterrence 386

Rehabilitation 386

Ethics of Life for Life: A Society That Loves Walls 387

Ethics of Life for Life: Putting Pain Back into Prisons 388

From the Ethics of Life for Life to the Ethics of Man and Corrections:Changing Attitudes about Prisons 390

Ethics of Contemporary Corrections 392

Ethics of Retribution 392

Lex Talionis 392

Punishment Works 393

Ethics of Treatment 395

Does Rehabilitation Work? 396

Methods of Rehabilitation 397

The State of Rehabilitation Today 397

Ethics of Man and Corrections: What Good Is Brutality? 398

The Brutality Issue 400

Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Scapegoating Theory 401

The Influence of Foucault 402

Ethics of Man and Corrections: The Holier-than-Thou Syndrome 403

Crime as Virus 404

A Camp of Outcasts 405

Ethics of Man and Corrections: We’re All Doing Time 406

Ethics of Man and Corrections: Postcards from Prison 407

Ethics of Man and Corrections: Rehabilitation through Inner Corrections 409

Inner Corrections 409

The Future of Inner Corrections 410

Corruption of Prison Personnel 411

Patterns of Prison Corruption 412

Assessment of Prison Corruption 415

Review Questions 416

References 417

Chapter 13 Ethics of Probation and Parole 421

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 422

Key Terms and Definitions 422

Overview 422

The Professional Orientation of Probation and Parole 423

The Probation Mystique 425

The Borderless Community 426

The Yellow Wind 428

Romancing the Stone or Stoning the Romance: Ethics of Community-Based Corrections 429

The Case for Community-Based Corrections 430

The Case against Community-Based Corrections 432

The Leniency View of Morris and Tonry 432

Intensive Probation 433

Electronic Monitoring 435

The Severity View of von Hirsh 437

Proportionality and Desert 437

Restrictions against Humiliation and Degradation 438

Implications Concerning the Privacy of Third Parties 438

Work Strategies of Probation and Parole Practitioners 439

Common Unethical Practices in Probation/Parole 440

Ethical Choices in Probation/Parole 442

The Punitive/Law Enforcement Practitioner 442

The Welfare/Therapeutic Practitioner 442

The Passive/Time Server Practitioner 443

The Combined Model Practitioner 443

Review Questions 444

References 445

Chapter 14 The Truth Revealed Civility—The Mother o f All Virtues 449

What You Will Learn from This Chapter 450

Key Terms and Definitions 450

In Essence 450

Overview 451

The Machination of Ethics: Morality and Civility 452

Civility Defined 455

Creating a Climate Conducive to Civility 457

Ⅰ: Developing an Enlightened Mind 457

Ⅱ: Creating a Climate Conducive to Civility 460

Ⅲ: Preserving Justice Above All 461

Ⅳ: Strengthening Civility and Democracy 463

Ⅴ: Promoting the Common Good 465

Ⅵ: Reinforcing Integrated Knowledge 467

Ⅶ: What the Theorists Say 468

Civility by George Washington 468

Civility by James Q.Wilson 468

Civility by Tom Morris 470

Civility by James O’Toole 471

Ⅷ: Five Stories to Remember 472

1.Rudeness at the Houston Airport 472

2.The Finnish Minister 473

3.Is There Crime in New Zealand? 474

4.Civility among Enemies 475

5.The Pope Who Made Civility a Religion 476

Conclusions 478

Review Questions 479

References 480

Chapter 15 What Can Be Done to Restore Ethics? Concluding Comments 481

Reflections and Ethical Lessons to Teach 482

An Ethical Lesson to Teach Criminal Justice Practitioners 483

Name Index 485

Subject Index 493