The Beginning of Modem Constitutionalism 1
The First Constitution 2
The Concept of Inherent Natural Rights 3
The European Influence 5
The French Revolutionary Constitutions 8
Constitutions of Other Countries 9
The U.S.Constitution: Model for the World 11
The World’s Second Constitution 15
European Constitutions 19
France Sets HumanRights Precedents 19
Spain’s 1812 Cadiz Constitution: A Turning Point in European History 22
Sources and Contributions of the Cadiz Constitution 23
Latin American Constitutions 25
The Chinese Political Structure 31
A Fourth Branch of Government 31
The Fifth Branch of the Chinese Government 31
Constitutionalism Continues in Europe 33
Revolutions Result in New Constitutions 35
The German Constitution that Never Went into Effect 38
Constitutional Experimentation and Testing in the Americas 43
U.S.Civil War: A Constitutional Crisis 43
Provisions of Amendments Extend to States 45
A New Era for France, Germany, and Italy 47
The Rise of Oriental Constitutionalism 49
Japan Responds to the European Influence 49
China: The Oldest Monarchy Becomes the Newest Republic 51
Constitutions Come Much Later for Countries in the Far East 52
Constitutions of the Twentieth Century 53
Russian Constitutions Bring Radical Changes 54
Mexican Constitution Emphasizes Economic and Cultural Rights 56
World War Ⅱ: Constitutional Causes and Effects 59
Constitutions of the Defeated Axis Powers 63
Constitutional Proliferation after World War Ⅱ 69
Independent British Colonies Draft Constitutions 69
Many Countries Write Constitutions after 1970 70
Constitutions Institutionalize One-Party States 72
Ideological Conflict and Constitutional Reform 75
Source of Human and Constitutional Rights 75
Moving Toward More Individual Freedom and Democracy 76
Appendix 79