1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1
2. POSITIVISM AND NATURAL LAW 17
Ⅰ: Introductory 17
Ⅱ: Legal Positivism 22
Ⅲ: The Nature of Law and the Law of Nature 29
Ⅳ: A turning-point in English jurisprudence 43
3. THE DICHOTOMY IN PRACTICE 49
Ⅰ: The Problem 49
Ⅱ: The Systems and their Law 51
Ⅲ: Some Solutions in Theory 56
Ⅳ: Some Solutions in Practice 59
Ⅴ: The Jurisprudential Debate 67
4. BENTHAM AND AUSTIN 78
Ⅰ: Bentham the Legal Positivist 78
Ⅱ: Law and Sovereignity 80
Ⅲ: Sovereignty and "Habit of Obedience" 89
5. KELSEN AND THE GREAT MYSTERY 97
Ⅰ: Introductory 97
Ⅱ: Law and Sanctions 100
Ⅲ: The Basic Norm 105
Ⅳ: Kelsen and Olivecrona 116
6. LAW AS A SYSTEM OF RULES 121
Ⅰ: Introductory 121
Ⅱ: Rules, Habits and Obligations 125
Ⅲ: Criticisms of Hart's Analysis of Law 134
Ⅳ: Law and Legal Concepts 149
7. LAW, FORCE AND AUTHORITY 153
Ⅰ: Law and Force 153
Ⅱ: Law and Authority 158
Ⅲ: International Law 163
Ⅳ: Law and Reality 167
8. PREDICTIONS AND THE CENTRAL POSITION OF THE COURTS 172
Ⅰ: Introductory 172
Ⅱ: Courts and Predictions 175
Ⅲ: Ross and Valid Law 175
Ⅳ: Some American Approaches 184
9. SOVIET LEGAL THEORY 196
Ⅰ: Introductory 196
Ⅱ: Soviet Legal Theory 202
Ⅲ: Theory and System 214
Index of Contents 221
Index of Jurists 227