1 MEDICAL ETHICS AND MEDICAL PRACTICE 1
A basis for medical ethics 2
The organisation of modern medicine 12
Public relations 23
Legal intervention in medicine 24
The doctor’s position 26
2 PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE STATE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP 29
Handling health threats to the community 31
Health promotion： The issues 37
The darker sides of medicine 38
The impact of human rights on medical law 41
3 HEALTH RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION&By Miriam Aziz 48
Introduction 48
The European market for health 48
Health care policy in the EU 49
Rights and access to health care in the EU 54
Cross-border access to health care in the EU 57
Ethics in science and new technologies in the EU 62
4 CONSENT TO TREATMENT 64
Introduction 64
The limits to consent 65
Refusal of treatment by adults 87
Consent and its social consequences 99
Proceeding without consent： The consequences 104
The negligence action and the vagaries of information disclosure 106
5 LIABILITY FOR MEDICAL INJURY 122
Compensation for injury 123
The basis of medical liability 129
What constitutes negligence 132
The problem of the novice 148
Protecting patients from products 149
Protecting patients from themselves 152
Resipsaloquitur 154
Operational failures 156
Causation 157
Injuries caused by medical products or devices 163
Criminal negligence 167
6 MEDICAL CONFIDENTIALITY 172
What is the current state of play？ 172
Relaxation of the rule 177
Confidentiality and the legal process 197
Patient access to medical records 201
Confidentiality and death 206
7 GENETIC INFORMATION AND THE LAW 209
Genetics： The science and challenges 209
Genetic counselling and fetal testing for genetic disease 212
Legal and ethical responses to the ‘familial’ nature of genetics 219
Individual and family interests in genetic information 220
Other parties’ interests in genetic information 228
Research involving genetic material 238
The state interest in genetic information 240
Gene therapy 243
Cloning 246
8 THE MANAGEMENT OF INFERTILITY AND CHILDLESSNESS 250
The control of assisted reproduction in the United Kingdom 251
Insemination 254
The infertile or childless woman 266
Surrogate motherhood 283
9 THE CONTROL OF FERTILITY 296
The concept of personhood 297
Contraception 299
Contragestation 302
Sterilisation 303
Termination of pregnancy 313
10 CIVIL AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE 338
The uncovenanted child： The action for wrongful pregnancy 339
Reproductive counselling and negligence： The action for wrongful birth 352
Wrongful （or diminished） life actions 358
Wrongful injury to the fetus and feticide 369
11 HEALTH RESOURCES AND DILEMMAS IN TREATMENT 376
Global distribution of resources 377
The allocation of national resources 378
Treatment of the individual 389
12 TREATMENT OF THE AGED 401
Autonomy and paternalism in the treatment of the aged 402
Care of the elderly in the future 420
Dying from old age 421
13 MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN RIGHTS 423
The evolution of mental health law 423
Controlling treatment 424
Human rights and mental disorder 433
Mental health， criminal and civil liability 441
14 THE BODY AS PROPERTY 447
Should there be property in human material？ 447
Property in cadavers and cadaver tissues 462
Intellectual property law and the human body 466
Conclusion 474
15 MEDICAL FUTILITY 475
Part 1： The Beginning of Life 475
The concept of medical futility 476
Part 2： The End of Life 500
The patient in the permanent vegetative state 502
The best interests test 514
Are we being honest？ 517
‘Do not resuscitate’ orders 520
16 THE DIAGNOSIS OF DEATH 521
Concepts of death 521
The medico-legal effects of applying brain stem death criteria 528
17 THE DONATION OF ORGANS AND TRANSPLANTATION 534
Technical aspects of transplantation 534
The living donor 538
Cadaver donations 547
The fetus or neonate as a transplant donor 560
18 EUTHANASIA AND ASSISTANCE IN DYING 565
A classification of assisted dying 566
Termination of life without consent 568
Non-voluntary termination of life 570
The capable patient 581
Assisted dying in practice 601
19 BIOMEDICAL HUMAN RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTATION 610
Ethical codes and legal instruments in human biomedical research 611
What is research？ 612
Randomised controlled trials 620
Experimental treatment 627
Informed consent and the （in）competent research subject 629
The unethical researcher 633
Compensation for personal injury in research 637
Research involving human tissue and personal data 637
New approaches to research governance 640
20 RESEARCH ON CHILDREN， FETUSES， AND EMBRYOS 642
Non-therapeutic research on children 643
Therapeutic research on children 649
Fetal research and experimentation 652
Embryos and embryonic stem cell research 657
Appendix A 665
The Hippocratic Oath 665
Appendix B 666
Declaration of Geneva 666
Appendix C 667
Declaration of Tokyo， 1975 667
Appendix D 669
Declaration ofHelsinki 669
Index 675