Chapter Introduction 1
1.1 The Subject Matter 2
1.2 Approaches 4
1.2.1 The Framework Approach in Legal Dogmatics 4
1.2.2 Analysing Legal Discourses 7
1.3 Structure 10
PART I EXTERNAL RELATIONS AUTHORITY IN THE COMMUNITY AREA 15
Chapter 2 The Dual Federal Perspective 15
2.1 Mapping the Perspective 15
2.2 Structure of Part Ⅰ 18
Chapter 3 The Community’s Express External Relations Authority 21
3.1 Introduction and Structure： The Case of the Common Commercial Policy 22
3.1.1 The Growth of Express Treaty-Making Competences in the EC Treaty 22
3.1.2 The Case of the Common Commercial Policy 24
3.2 The EC Treaty： Objectives and Competence Conferral 25
3.3 Four Basic Conceptions of the CCP 28
3.3.1 Opinion 1/75： The State Analogy 28
3.3.2 Opinion 1/78： Developments in International Trade Relations. Effects on the Common Market 29
3.3.3 Opinion 1/94： The Structure of the EC Treaty 34
3.3.4 In Sum 40
3.4 The Four Conceptions at Work： The Method for Determining the Legal Basis of a Measure 41
3.4.1 The ‘Essential Objective’ Doctrine 41
3.4.2 A Case Study： CCP vis-a-vis Environmental Policy 43
3.4.2.1 Chernobyl 43
3.4.2.2 Cartagena Protocol 44
3.4.2.3 The Energy Star Agreement 46
3.4.2.4 The Rotterdam Convention 48
3.5 Conclusions 50
Chapter 4 The Community’s Implied External Relations Authority 53
4.1 Introduction and Structure 53
4.2 The AETR Principle： The Affect Ratio 55
4.3 Opinion 1/76： The Necessity Ratio 56
4.3.1 Establishing the ‘Necessity Ratio’： Opinion 1/76 56
4.3.2 Necessity as Subsidiary （Complementary） Competence 58
4.3.3 Necessity as Political Discretion： Parallelism 59
4.3.4 Necessity as an Inextricable Linkage 61
4.4 Concluding Remarks 67
Chapter 5 Restraints on the Community’s Exercise of External Competence 69
5.1 Introduction and Structure 69
5.2 Community Objectives 70
5.2.1 The Objective of Trade Liberalization 71
5.2.2 The ‘Community Preference’ 73
5.3 General Rules and Principles of Community Law 74
5.3.1 ‘Extension’ of Principles of Non-Discrimination 75
5.3.2 A ‘Dedicated’ Restraint on the Community’s External Relations： The Principle of Autonomy 79
5.3.2.1 Opinion 1/76 80
5.3.2.2 The EEA Agreement Opinions 82
5.3.2.3 Opinion 1/00 85
5.3.2.4 In Sum 87
5.4 Concluding Remarks 89
Chapter 6 Exclusion of Member States’ External Competence 91
6.1 Introduction and Structure 91
6.2 Types of Exclusivity 92
6.3 A Priori Exclusivity 93
6.3.1 The Common Commercial Policy 93
6.3.2 Fisheries Conservation Measures 96
6.4 AETR Exclusivity 97
6.4.1 Meaning and Rationale： The Affect Ratio 97
6.4.2 The Scope of Application of AETR Exclusivity： The AETR Test 101
6.4.2.1 The Scope of the Internal Community System 101
6.4.2.2 When are Internal Community Measures‘Affected’？ 108
6.4.3 In Sum 115
6.5 Opinion 1/76 and Exclusivity 116
6.6 Exceptions to Exclusivity and Concluding Remarks 119
6.6.1 Common Commercial Policy 119
6.6.2 Fisheries Conservation 121
6.6.3 The AETR Case 122
6.7 Concluding Remarks - Bridging the Gap between Legal Language and Its Context 122
Chapter 7 Restraints on Member States’ Exercise of External Competence 125
7.1 Introduction and Structure 125
7.2 ‘Extended’ Extensal Relations Restraints 127
7.2.1 Extension of the Temporal Scope of the Duty of Loyal Co-operation， Article 10 EC 128
7.2.2 Extension of Principles of Non-Discrimination 131
7.3 A ‘Dedicated’ External Relations Restraint： Article 307（2） 136
7.4 Concluding Observations 144
Chapter 8 Mixed Agreements before the ECJ 147
8.1 Introduction 147
8.2 A Community Law Definition of Mixity 149
8.3 Gradual Acceptance of Mixity Subject to the Duty of Close Co-operation 153
8.3.1 Scepticism： Mixity is Incompatible with the Treaty 153
8.3.2 Cautious Acceptance and Introduction of a Duty of Close Co-operation 154
8.3.3 Full Acceptance and Reinforcement of the Duty of Close Co-operation 156
8.4 Legal Obligations Derived from the Duty of Close Co-operation 158
8.4.1 The Legal Basis， Scope and Nature of the Duty 158
8.4.2 Legal Consequences at the Different Stages in the Life of a Mixed Agreement 160
8.5 Concluding Remarks 163
PART Ⅱ INTERNATIONAL LAW IN COMMUNITY LAW 167
Chapter 9 The Community’s International Law Filter 167
9.1 Mapping the Perspective 167
9.2 Structure of Part Ⅱ - the European Community’s International Law Filter 169
9.3 Segregation of Legal Orders： Distinguishability and Hierarchy 172
Chapter 10 General Principles of Reception： Kupferberg and Racke 177
10.1 The Community’s Responsibility under International Law 177
10.1.1 International Agreements Concluded by the Community 177
10.1.2 Other Instruments of International Law 179
10.2 International Law Invalidated by Primary Community Law 181
10.3 Conclusions 183
Chapter 11 The Legal Consequence of Reception： The Requirement of Uniform Application 185
11.1 Establishing the Requirement of Uniform Application 185
11.2 The （Vertical） Limits of the Requirement of Uniform Application 187
11.3 The Rationale for Uniform Application （Ⅰ）： The Two-fold Community Interest 189
11.4 The Rationale for Uniform Application （Ⅱ）： Proper Compliance with International Obligations 191
11.5 Conclusions 193
Chapter 12 Reception of International Law （Ⅱ）： Alternatives 195
12.1 Introduction 195
12.2 Substitution and Delegation 195
12.2.1 International Fruit： The Doctrine of Substitution 195
12.2.2 Libor Cipra： The Doctrine of Delegation 202
12.2.3 Concluding Remarks 204
12.3 Mixity： The Community Sphere of Mixed Agreements 205
12.3.1 Preliminary Rulings 206
12.3.1.1 Demirel 206
12.3.1.2 Hermes 208
12.3.1.3 Dior/Assco 213
12.3.2 Direct Actions 219
12.3.2.1 The Berne Convention Case 219
12.3.2.2 Etang de Berre 222
12.3.2.3 MOX Plant 224
12.3.3 Synthesis 227
12.3.3.1 General Considerations 228
12.3.3.2 General Principles 230
Chapter 13 Conclusions to Chapters 10-12 and Introduction to Chapters 14-16 235
13.1 Principles of Reception of International Law in Community Law 235
13.2 The Legal Effects of International Law in Community Law 239
Chapter 14 A Framework for Direct Invocability 243
14.1 The Notion of Direct Invocability 243
14.2 Direct Invocability of International Agreements 245
14.2.1 Individuals Invoking International Agreements 245
14.2.1.1 The General Conditions for Direct Effect 245
14.2.1.2 Modifications？ 249
14.2.2 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements 253
14.2.2.1 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements against Community Acts 254
14.2.2.2 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements against Member State Acts 259
14.3 Direct Invocability of Other Instruments of International Law 263
14.4 A General Framework for Analysis of Direct Invocability 269
Chapter 15 The Substantive Analysis of International Agreements’Direct Invocability 273
15.1 The Agreement of the Parties 274
15.2 The Purpose and Nature of Agreements 275
15.2.1 The GATT and WTO Agreements 276
15.2. 1.1 GATT 1947 276
15.2.1.2 The WTO Agreements 280
15.2.2 Other International Agreements 288
15.2.2.1 ACP-EC Conventions 288
15.2.2.2 Early European Association Agreements Envisaging Accession 290
15.2.2.3 Free Trade Agreements etc. with European Countries 292
15.2.2.4 Euro-Mediterranean Co-operation and Association Agreements 295
15.2.2.5 The Europe Agreements 296
15.2.2.6 Other Directly Invocable International Agreements 297
15.2.3 Synthesis？ 298
Chapter 16 Other Effects of International Law 305
16.1 Introduction 305
16.2 Indirect Effects of Internation Law 305
16.2.1 Introduction 305
16.2.2 The External Duty of Constructive Interpretation 306
16.2.2.1 A Dual Legal Basis 307
16.2.2.2 Scope： Which Rules are Covered？ 309
16.2.2.3 Content： What Does the Duty Require？ 310
16.2.2.4 Concluding Remarks 312
16.2.3 The Implementation Doctrines - Fediol and Nakajima 313
16.2.3.1 Fediol： The ‘Express Reference’ Doctrine 314
16.2.3.2 Nakajima： The Legislator’s Intent 315
16.2.3.3 Unresolved Issues 318
16.2.4 Concluding Remarks 321
16.3 Community or Member State Liability for Breach of International Obligations 322
16.3.1 Introduction 322
16.3.2 Scope 323
16.3.3 Content： The Three Conditions for Liability 324
16.3.4 Non-Fault Liability - Compensation in the Absence of Unlawful Action 332
16.3.5 Concluding Remarks 334
16.4 Interpretative Techniques 334
PART Ⅲ DOCTRINES AND DISCOURSES IN EC EXTERNAL RELATIONS LAW 343
Chapter 17 Introduction 343
Chapter 18 Social Constructivism and Discourse Analysis 347
18.1 Law as a Social Construction 347
18.2 The Role of Language in the Construction of Social Ontologies 348
18.2.1 Structure and Change： Structuralism and Post-structuralism 350
18.2.2 Structure and Agency （Discourse and Discursive Event） 353
Chapter 19 Analytical Tools for a Discourse Analysis in EC External Relations Law 357
19.1 Introduction 357
19.2 The Level of Discourse： What is （in） a Discourse？ 360
19.2.1 Foucault： Rules for the Formation of Discourse 362
19.2.2 Laclau & Mouffe： Competing Discourses and Floating Signifiers 364
19.3 The Level of Discursive Event： Strategies to Construct or Deconstruct Discourses 366
Chapter 20 Legal Discourses in EC External Relations 369
20.1 Demarcating and Distinguishing 369
20.1.1 EC External Relations Law as an ‘Order of Discourse’and ‘Legal Issues’ as Floating Signifiers 370
20.1.2 Three Guiding Distinctions 371
20.2 An Outline of Five Sub-Discourses in EC External Relations Law 373
20.2.1 The Discourse of Internal Integration 374
20.2.2 The Discourse of External Actorness 377
20.2.3 The Discourse of International Co-operation 381
20.2.4 The Discourse of Internal Constitutionality 385
20.2.5 A Discourse of Individual Rights？ 388
20.2.6 Conclusions 391
20.3 The Level of Discursive Event 395
20.3.1 Discursive Struggles： Strategies to Strengthen or Dismantle Discourses 395
20.3.2 Interdiscursivity： Mixing Discourses in Discursive Events 398
Chapter21 Legal Analysis in EC External Relations Law 401
21.1 Introduction 401
21.2 The Janus Head of Dogmatic Legal Analysis： Flexibility Versus Rationalization 403
21.3 Orthodox Legal Analysis 407
21.4 EC External Relations Law and Its Contexts 409
21.4.1 Law and Legal Reasoning as a Distinguishable Domain 409
21.4.2 Interaction between Law and Context 409
21.5 Coherence 414
21.5.1 Coherence as an Ideal in Legal Reasoning 414
21.5.2 Intra-Systemic Coherence 418
21.5.3 Extra-Systemic Coherence 420
21.6 Coherence in a Discursively Constructed Domain 423
21.6.1 The Dogmatic Lawyer’s Dilemma 423
21.6.2 Intra-Discursive and Inter-Discursive Coherence in Legal Reasoning 424
Chapter 22 Analyzing the Direction and Reach of EC External Relations Law 427
22.1 Introduction 427
22.2 The Example of Direct Invocability of WTO 428
22.2.1 A Discursive Divide on Direct Invocability： External Actorness vis-a-vis International Co-operation 428
22.2.2 Alternative （I）： The Discourse of International Co-operation 431
22.2.2.1 A Narrow Focus on WTO Law 432
22.2.2.2 A Broader Focus on the WTO System 433
22.2.3 Alternative （Ⅱ）： An Individual Rights Discourse 438
22.2.3.1 The Intention of the WTO Members 438
22.2.3.2 WTO Law from a Community Perspective 438
22.3 Discursive Readings of Other Legal Issues 441
22.4 Concluding remarks 446
Chapter 23 Conclusions 449
23.1 Legal Framework Analysis of the Vertical Aspects of EC External Relations Law 450
23.2 Doctrines and Discourses in EC External Relations Law 452Table of Cases （Numerical） 455
Bibliography 467
Table of Abbreviations 495
Index 499