EXTERNAL RELATIONS LAW OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITYPDF电子书下载

Chapter Introduction 1

1.1 The Subject Matter 2

1.2 Approaches 4

1.2.1 The Framework Approach in Legal Dogmatics 4

1.2.2 Analysing Legal Discourses 7

1.3 Structure 10

PART I EXTERNAL RELATIONS AUTHORITY IN THE COMMUNITY AREA 15

Chapter 2 The Dual Federal Perspective 15

2.1 Mapping the Perspective 15

2.2 Structure of Part Ⅰ 18

Chapter 3 The Community’s Express External Relations Authority 21

3.1 Introduction and Structure： The Case of the Common Commercial Policy 22

3.1.1 The Growth of Express Treaty-Making Competences in the EC Treaty 22

3.1.2 The Case of the Common Commercial Policy 24

3.2 The EC Treaty： Objectives and Competence Conferral 25

3.3 Four Basic Conceptions of the CCP 28

3.3.1 Opinion 1/75： The State Analogy 28

3.3.2 Opinion 1/78： Developments in International Trade Relations. Effects on the Common Market 29

3.3.3 Opinion 1/94： The Structure of the EC Treaty 34

3.3.4 In Sum 40

3.4 The Four Conceptions at Work： The Method for Determining the Legal Basis of a Measure 41

3.4.1 The ‘Essential Objective’ Doctrine 41

3.4.2 A Case Study： CCP vis-a-vis Environmental Policy 43

3.4.2.1 Chernobyl 43

3.4.2.2 Cartagena Protocol 44

3.4.2.3 The Energy Star Agreement 46

3.4.2.4 The Rotterdam Convention 48

3.5 Conclusions 50

Chapter 4 The Community’s Implied External Relations Authority 53

4.1 Introduction and Structure 53

4.2 The AETR Principle： The Affect Ratio 55

4.3 Opinion 1/76： The Necessity Ratio 56

4.3.1 Establishing the ‘Necessity Ratio’： Opinion 1/76 56

4.3.2 Necessity as Subsidiary （Complementary） Competence 58

4.3.3 Necessity as Political Discretion： Parallelism 59

4.3.4 Necessity as an Inextricable Linkage 61

4.4 Concluding Remarks 67

Chapter 5 Restraints on the Community’s Exercise of External Competence 69

5.1 Introduction and Structure 69

5.2 Community Objectives 70

5.2.1 The Objective of Trade Liberalization 71

5.2.2 The ‘Community Preference’ 73

5.3 General Rules and Principles of Community Law 74

5.3.1 ‘Extension’ of Principles of Non-Discrimination 75

5.3.2 A ‘Dedicated’ Restraint on the Community’s External Relations： The Principle of Autonomy 79

5.3.2.1 Opinion 1/76 80

5.3.2.2 The EEA Agreement Opinions 82

5.3.2.3 Opinion 1/00 85

5.3.2.4 In Sum 87

5.4 Concluding Remarks 89

Chapter 6 Exclusion of Member States’ External Competence 91

6.1 Introduction and Structure 91

6.2 Types of Exclusivity 92

6.3 A Priori Exclusivity 93

6.3.1 The Common Commercial Policy 93

6.3.2 Fisheries Conservation Measures 96

6.4 AETR Exclusivity 97

6.4.1 Meaning and Rationale： The Affect Ratio 97

6.4.2 The Scope of Application of AETR Exclusivity： The AETR Test 101

6.4.2.1 The Scope of the Internal Community System 101

6.4.2.2 When are Internal Community Measures‘Affected’？ 108

6.4.3 In Sum 115

6.5 Opinion 1/76 and Exclusivity 116

6.6 Exceptions to Exclusivity and Concluding Remarks 119

6.6.1 Common Commercial Policy 119

6.6.2 Fisheries Conservation 121

6.6.3 The AETR Case 122

6.7 Concluding Remarks - Bridging the Gap between Legal Language and Its Context 122

Chapter 7 Restraints on Member States’ Exercise of External Competence 125

7.1 Introduction and Structure 125

7.2 ‘Extended’ Extensal Relations Restraints 127

7.2.1 Extension of the Temporal Scope of the Duty of Loyal Co-operation， Article 10 EC 128

7.2.2 Extension of Principles of Non-Discrimination 131

7.3 A ‘Dedicated’ External Relations Restraint： Article 307（2） 136

7.4 Concluding Observations 144

Chapter 8 Mixed Agreements before the ECJ 147

8.1 Introduction 147

8.2 A Community Law Definition of Mixity 149

8.3 Gradual Acceptance of Mixity Subject to the Duty of Close Co-operation 153

8.3.1 Scepticism： Mixity is Incompatible with the Treaty 153

8.3.2 Cautious Acceptance and Introduction of a Duty of Close Co-operation 154

8.3.3 Full Acceptance and Reinforcement of the Duty of Close Co-operation 156

8.4 Legal Obligations Derived from the Duty of Close Co-operation 158

8.4.1 The Legal Basis， Scope and Nature of the Duty 158

8.4.2 Legal Consequences at the Different Stages in the Life of a Mixed Agreement 160

8.5 Concluding Remarks 163

PART Ⅱ INTERNATIONAL LAW IN COMMUNITY LAW 167

Chapter 9 The Community’s International Law Filter 167

9.1 Mapping the Perspective 167

9.2 Structure of Part Ⅱ - the European Community’s International Law Filter 169

9.3 Segregation of Legal Orders： Distinguishability and Hierarchy 172

Chapter 10 General Principles of Reception： Kupferberg and Racke 177

10.1 The Community’s Responsibility under International Law 177

10.1.1 International Agreements Concluded by the Community 177

10.1.2 Other Instruments of International Law 179

10.2 International Law Invalidated by Primary Community Law 181

10.3 Conclusions 183

Chapter 11 The Legal Consequence of Reception： The Requirement of Uniform Application 185

11.1 Establishing the Requirement of Uniform Application 185

11.2 The （Vertical） Limits of the Requirement of Uniform Application 187

11.3 The Rationale for Uniform Application （Ⅰ）： The Two-fold Community Interest 189

11.4 The Rationale for Uniform Application （Ⅱ）： Proper Compliance with International Obligations 191

11.5 Conclusions 193

Chapter 12 Reception of International Law （Ⅱ）： Alternatives 195

12.1 Introduction 195

12.2 Substitution and Delegation 195

12.2.1 International Fruit： The Doctrine of Substitution 195

12.2.2 Libor Cipra： The Doctrine of Delegation 202

12.2.3 Concluding Remarks 204

12.3 Mixity： The Community Sphere of Mixed Agreements 205

12.3.1 Preliminary Rulings 206

12.3.1.1 Demirel 206

12.3.1.2 Hermes 208

12.3.1.3 Dior/Assco 213

12.3.2 Direct Actions 219

12.3.2.1 The Berne Convention Case 219

12.3.2.2 Etang de Berre 222

12.3.2.3 MOX Plant 224

12.3.3 Synthesis 227

12.3.3.1 General Considerations 228

12.3.3.2 General Principles 230

Chapter 13 Conclusions to Chapters 10-12 and Introduction to Chapters 14-16 235

13.1 Principles of Reception of International Law in Community Law 235

13.2 The Legal Effects of International Law in Community Law 239

Chapter 14 A Framework for Direct Invocability 243

14.1 The Notion of Direct Invocability 243

14.2 Direct Invocability of International Agreements 245

14.2.1 Individuals Invoking International Agreements 245

14.2.1.1 The General Conditions for Direct Effect 245

14.2.1.2 Modifications？ 249

14.2.2 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements 253

14.2.2.1 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements against Community Acts 254

14.2.2.2 Privileged Litigants Invoking International Agreements against Member State Acts 259

14.3 Direct Invocability of Other Instruments of International Law 263

14.4 A General Framework for Analysis of Direct Invocability 269

Chapter 15 The Substantive Analysis of International Agreements’Direct Invocability 273

15.1 The Agreement of the Parties 274

15.2 The Purpose and Nature of Agreements 275

15.2.1 The GATT and WTO Agreements 276

15.2. 1.1 GATT 1947 276

15.2.1.2 The WTO Agreements 280

15.2.2 Other International Agreements 288

15.2.2.1 ACP-EC Conventions 288

15.2.2.2 Early European Association Agreements Envisaging Accession 290

15.2.2.3 Free Trade Agreements etc. with European Countries 292

15.2.2.4 Euro-Mediterranean Co-operation and Association Agreements 295

15.2.2.5 The Europe Agreements 296

15.2.2.6 Other Directly Invocable International Agreements 297

15.2.3 Synthesis？ 298

Chapter 16 Other Effects of International Law 305

16.1 Introduction 305

16.2 Indirect Effects of Internation Law 305

16.2.1 Introduction 305

16.2.2 The External Duty of Constructive Interpretation 306

16.2.2.1 A Dual Legal Basis 307

16.2.2.2 Scope： Which Rules are Covered？ 309

16.2.2.3 Content： What Does the Duty Require？ 310

16.2.2.4 Concluding Remarks 312

16.2.3 The Implementation Doctrines - Fediol and Nakajima 313

16.2.3.1 Fediol： The ‘Express Reference’ Doctrine 314

16.2.3.2 Nakajima： The Legislator’s Intent 315

16.2.3.3 Unresolved Issues 318

16.2.4 Concluding Remarks 321

16.3 Community or Member State Liability for Breach of International Obligations 322

16.3.1 Introduction 322

16.3.2 Scope 323

16.3.3 Content： The Three Conditions for Liability 324

16.3.4 Non-Fault Liability - Compensation in the Absence of Unlawful Action 332

16.3.5 Concluding Remarks 334

16.4 Interpretative Techniques 334

PART Ⅲ DOCTRINES AND DISCOURSES IN EC EXTERNAL RELATIONS LAW 343

Chapter 17 Introduction 343

Chapter 18 Social Constructivism and Discourse Analysis 347

18.1 Law as a Social Construction 347

18.2 The Role of Language in the Construction of Social Ontologies 348

18.2.1 Structure and Change： Structuralism and Post-structuralism 350

18.2.2 Structure and Agency （Discourse and Discursive Event） 353

Chapter 19 Analytical Tools for a Discourse Analysis in EC External Relations Law 357

19.1 Introduction 357

19.2 The Level of Discourse： What is （in） a Discourse？ 360

19.2.1 Foucault： Rules for the Formation of Discourse 362

19.2.2 Laclau & Mouffe： Competing Discourses and Floating Signifiers 364

19.3 The Level of Discursive Event： Strategies to Construct or Deconstruct Discourses 366

Chapter 20 Legal Discourses in EC External Relations 369

20.1 Demarcating and Distinguishing 369

20.1.1 EC External Relations Law as an ‘Order of Discourse’and ‘Legal Issues’ as Floating Signifiers 370

20.1.2 Three Guiding Distinctions 371

20.2 An Outline of Five Sub-Discourses in EC External Relations Law 373

20.2.1 The Discourse of Internal Integration 374

20.2.2 The Discourse of External Actorness 377

20.2.3 The Discourse of International Co-operation 381

20.2.4 The Discourse of Internal Constitutionality 385

20.2.5 A Discourse of Individual Rights？ 388

20.2.6 Conclusions 391

20.3 The Level of Discursive Event 395

20.3.1 Discursive Struggles： Strategies to Strengthen or Dismantle Discourses 395

20.3.2 Interdiscursivity： Mixing Discourses in Discursive Events 398

Chapter21 Legal Analysis in EC External Relations Law 401

21.1 Introduction 401

21.2 The Janus Head of Dogmatic Legal Analysis： Flexibility Versus Rationalization 403

21.3 Orthodox Legal Analysis 407

21.4 EC External Relations Law and Its Contexts 409

21.4.1 Law and Legal Reasoning as a Distinguishable Domain 409

21.4.2 Interaction between Law and Context 409

21.5 Coherence 414

21.5.1 Coherence as an Ideal in Legal Reasoning 414

21.5.2 Intra-Systemic Coherence 418

21.5.3 Extra-Systemic Coherence 420

21.6 Coherence in a Discursively Constructed Domain 423

21.6.1 The Dogmatic Lawyer’s Dilemma 423

21.6.2 Intra-Discursive and Inter-Discursive Coherence in Legal Reasoning 424

Chapter 22 Analyzing the Direction and Reach of EC External Relations Law 427

22.1 Introduction 427

22.2 The Example of Direct Invocability of WTO 428

22.2.1 A Discursive Divide on Direct Invocability： External Actorness vis-a-vis International Co-operation 428

22.2.2 Alternative （I）： The Discourse of International Co-operation 431

22.2.2.1 A Narrow Focus on WTO Law 432

22.2.2.2 A Broader Focus on the WTO System 433

22.2.3 Alternative （Ⅱ）： An Individual Rights Discourse 438

22.2.3.1 The Intention of the WTO Members 438

22.2.3.2 WTO Law from a Community Perspective 438

22.3 Discursive Readings of Other Legal Issues 441

22.4 Concluding remarks 446

Chapter 23 Conclusions 449

23.1 Legal Framework Analysis of the Vertical Aspects of EC External Relations Law 450

23.2 Doctrines and Discourses in EC External Relations Law 452Table of Cases （Numerical） 455

Bibliography 467

Table of Abbreviations 495

Index 499