Ⅰ. BASIC CONCEPTS 1
1. Introduction to Chemistry 1
2. Measurement in Chemistry 15
3. Matter and Energy 57
4. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 84
Ⅱ. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 119
5. Chemical Formulas and Names 119
6. Chemical Reactions and Equations 147
7. Chemical Composition 186
8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions 218
Ⅲ. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 251
9. Electron Structure of Atoms 251
10. Chemical Bonding 289
Ⅳ STATES OF MATTER 323
11. The Gaseous State 323
12. Liquids, Solids, and Attractions Between Molecules 361
13. Solutions 392
V. CHEMICAL REACTION CONCEPTS 435
14. Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibum 435
15. Acids and Bases 472
16. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 502
Ⅵ. ADDITIONAL TOPICS 538
17. Nuclear Chemistry 538
18. Organic Chemistry 566
19. Biochemistry 616
1. Introduction to Chemistry 1
1.1 The Science of Chemistry 3
1.2 A Short History of Chemistry 6
1.3 The Scientific Method 10
Chemical Perspective The Discovery of Vitamin C 12
Chapter Review 13
Questions to Test Your Reading 13
Practice Exam 14
2. Measurement in Chemistry 15
METRIC UNITS 16
2.1 Measured Numbers and Units 17
2.2 Writing Measurements in Scientific Notation 18
2.3 Units of Length, Volume, and Mass 21
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 25
2.4 Significant Figures and Uncertainty in Measurement 25
2.5 Significant Figures in Arithmetic Results 29
CALCULATIONS 33
2.6 Temperature and Changing Temperature Scales 33
Chemical Perspective “Normal” Body Temperature 37
2.7 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis 38
2.8 Density 42
Chemical Perspective Your Body Fat from a Density Measurement 48
Chapter Review 49
Questions to Test Your Reading 50
Practice Problems 51
Practice in Problem Analysis 55
Practice Exam 56
3. Matter and Energy 57
MATTER 59
3.1 States of Matter 59
Chemical Perspective Molecules in Motion 62
3.2 Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties 63
3.3 Substances and Mixtures 65
3.4 Elements and Compounds 67
3.5 Law of Conservation of Mass 70
ENERGY 71
3.6 Types of Energy 71
3.7 Heat and Heat Calculations 73
3.8 Law of Conservation of Energy 76
Chemical Perspective Energy on Earth 77
Chapter Review 78
Questions to Test Your Reading 79
Practice Problems 80
Practice in Problem Analysis 82
Practice Exam 83
4. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 84
ATOMS 86
4.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory 86
4.2 Particle Structure of the Atom 88
Chemical Perspective Electric Charge and Ben Franklin 94
4.3 Atomic Weights 95
4.4 Periodic Table of the Elements 98
MOLECULES AND IONS 103
4.5 The “Molecular” Basis of Substances 103
4.6 Comparing Molecular and Ionic Substances 104
4.7 Molecular Substances and Their Formulas 105
4.8 Ionic Substances and Their Formulas 108
4.9 Electrical Properties of Substances in Solution 110
Chemical Perspective Seeing Atoms 112
Chapter Review 113
Questions to Test Your Reading 114
Practice Problems 115
Practice in Problem Analysis 117
Practice Exam 118
5. Chemical Formulas and Names 119
IONIC COMPOUNDS 121
5.1 Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds 121
5.2 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds When the Metal Formsa Single Cation 125
5.3 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds When the Metal FormsSeveral Cations 128
5.4 Compounds with Polyatomic Ions 131
MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 134
5.5 Binary Molecular Compounds 134
Chemical Perspective NO—A Molecular Messenger 137
ACIDS 138
5.6 Naming Binary Acids 138
5.7 Naming Oxyacids 138
Chemical Perspective Beetles, Antiseptics, and Bleaches 140
Chapter Review 141
Questions to Test Your Reading 142
Practice Problems 143
Practice in Problem Analysis 145
Practice Exam 146
6. Chemical Reactions and Equations 147
RECOGNIZING AND SYMBOLIZINGCHEMICAL REACTIONS 149
Recognizing Chemical Reactions 149
6.2 Chemical Equations 150
6.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 153
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 158
6.4 Combination and Decomposition Reactions 159
6.5 Single-Replacement Reactions 162
6.6 Double-Replacement Reactions 165
Chemical Perspective Carbon Dioxide and the Permian Extinction 168
6.7 Double Replacement: Solid Forms （Precipitation） 169
6.8 Double Replacement: Gas Forms 172
6.9 Double Replacement: Water Forms （Neutralization） 174
6.10 Combustion Reactions 176
Chemical Perspective Hemoglobin and Its Remarkable Reactions 178
Chapter Review 179
Questions to Test Your Reading 180
Practice Problems 180
Practice in Problem Analysis 184
Practice Exam 184
7. Chemical Composition 186
MOLECULAR WEIGHTS, FORMULA WEIGHTS,AND MOLES 188
7.1 Molecular Weight and Formula Weight 188
Chemical Perspective Using Molecular Weights: Discovery of Buckyball 191
7.2 The Mole 192
7.3 Molar Mass 195
7.4 Molar Masses in Calculations: Grams to Moles 197
7.5 Molar Masses in Calculations: Moles to Grams 198
7.6 Percentage Composition 199
DETERMINING CHEMICAL FORMULAS 203
7.7 Chemical Analysis and Mass Percentages 204
7.8 Empirical Formulas 205
7.9 Molecular Formulas 208
Chemical Perspective A Cancer Drug from an Unlikely Experiment 212
Chapter Review 212
Questions to Test Your Reading 213
Practice Problems 214
Practice in Problem Analysis 216
Practice Exam 217
8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions 218
MOLE AND MASS CALCULATIONS FROM CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 220
8.1 Interpreting a Balanced Chemical Equation 220
8.2Mole Calculations from Chemical Equations 221
8.3 Mass Calculations from Chemical Equations 225
Chemical Perspective Digital X-Ray Photography 231
LIMITING REACTANTS AND PERCENTAGE YIELDS 232
8.4 Identifying Limiting Reactants 233
8.5 Calculations with Limiting Reactants 236
8.6 Percentage Yields 240
Chemical Perspective Nitrogen, the Limiting Reactant for Plant Growth 243
Chapter Review 244
Questions to Test Your Reading 245
Practice Problems 245
Practice in Problem Analysis 249
Practice Exam 250
9. Electron Structure of Atoms 251
ENERGY LEVELS AND ATOMIC ORBITALS 253
9.1 Light and Other Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation 254
9.2 Bohr's Theory of the Atom 256
9.3 Orbitals, Electron Shells, and Subshells 258
Chemical Perspective Seeing and Moving Atoms 265
ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS 266
9.4 Electron Configurations of the First Eighteen Elements 266
9.5 Periodicity of Electron Configurations 270
9.6 Using the Periodic Table to Obtain Electron Configurations 271
9.7 Valence-Shell Configuration of a Main-Group Element 274
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 275
9.8 Periodicity of Atomic and Ionic Radii 276
9.9 Periodicity of Ionization Energies 279
Chemical Perspective The Greenhouse Effect 282
Chapter Review 284
Questions to Test Your Reading 285
Practice Problems 286
Practice in Problem Analysis 288
Practice Exam 288
10. Chemical Bonding 289
IONIC BONDS 290
10.1 Forming an Ionic Bond from Atoms 291
10.2 Describing Ionic Bond Formation by Electron-Dot Symbols 293
COVALENT BONDS 295
10.3 Covalent Bonding as a Sharing of Electron Pairs 296
10.4 Electronegativity and Polar Covalent Bonds 299
10.5 General Method of Writing Electron-Dot Formulas 301
Chemical Perspective Explosives and Bond Strengths 308
SHAPES OF MOLECULES 309
10.6 Molecular Structure 309
10.7 The VSEPR Model of Molecular Shape 310
Chemical Perspective Computer-Generated Molecular Modeling 317
Chapter Review 318
Questions to Test Your Reading 319
Practice Problems 320
Practice in Problem Analysis 322
Practice Exam 322
11The Gaseous State 323
GASES AND THEIR BEHAVIOR 325
11.1 The Nature of Gases 325
11.2 Gas Pressure 326
Chemical Perspective Blood Pressure 330
11.3 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 330
THE GAS LAWS AND STOICHIOMETRY 331
11.4 Boyle's Law （Pressure and Volume） 332
11.5 Charles's Law （Volume and Temperature） 336
11.6 The Combined Gas Law （Pressure, Volume, and Temperature） 341
11.7 Avogadro's Law （Volume and Moles） 342
11.8 The Ideal Gas Law 345
11.9 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 349
11.10 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases 351
Chemical Perspective Holes in the Ozone Layer 354
Chapter Review 355
Questions to Test Your Reading 356
Practice Problems 356
Practice in Problem Analysis 359
Practice Exam 359
12. Liquids, Solids, and Attractions Between Molecules 361
MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF THE STATES OF MATTER 363
12.1 The States of Matter and Changes in These States 363
12.2 The Energy for a Change of State 366
12.3 Vapor Pressure and Evaporation 369
Chemical Perspective Relative Humidity 373
MOLECULAR EXPLANATIONS 374
12.4 A Kinetic Molecular Description of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 374
12.5 The Liquid State 376
12.6 The Solid State 381
Chemical Perspective Why Does Ice Float? 386
Chapter Review 386
Questions to Test Your Reading 388
Practice Problems 388
Practice in Problem Analysis 390
Practice Exam 391
13. Solutions 392
AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLUTIONS 394
13.1 Some Terms Used to Describe Solutions 394
13.2 Types of Solutions 395
13.3 General Properties of Solutions 397
CONCEPT OF SOLUBILITY 398
13.4Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions 398
13.5 The Solution Process 400
13.6 Factors That Affect Solubility 401
Chemical Perspective Soap, the Molecular Diplomat 404
SOLUTION CONCENTRATION 406
13.7 Mass Percent of Solute 406
13.8 Molarity and lity 410
13.9 Molality 419
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES 420
13.10 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation 420
13.11 Osmotic Pressure 423
Chemical Perspective Water, the （Somewhat） Universal Solvent 426
Chapter Review 427
Questions to Test Your Reading 429
Practice Problems 430
Practice in Problem Analysis 433
Practice Exam 434
14Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium 435
REACTION RATES 437
14.1 Collision Theoryand Activation Energy 438
14.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 439
Chemical Perspective A Car's Catalytic Converter 442
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 442
14.3 The Dynamic Nature of Chemical Equilibrium 443
14.4 The Equilibrium Expression 445
14.5 Calculating an Equilibrium Constant 446
14.6 Using an Equilibrium Constant 449
14.7 Heterogeneous Equilibria 451
14.8 Le Chatelier's Principle 454
Chemical Perspective Carbon Monoxide and Hemoglobin 464
Chapter Review 465
Questions to Test Your Reading 466
Practice Problems 467
Practice in Problem Analysis 470
Practice Exam 470
15. Acids and Bases 474
ACID-BASE REACTIONS AND DEFINITIONS 474
15.1The Arrhenius Theoryof Acids and Bases 474
15.2 Neutralization, Salts, and Net Ionic Equations 475
15.3 The Bronsted-LowryTheory 477
Chemical Perspective Acids, Bases, Baking Powder, and Dough 480
15.4 The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 480
15.5 Water: An Acid and a Base 484
QUANTIFYING ACID AND BASE SOLUTIONS 485
15.6 Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Solutions 485
15.7 pH 488
15.8 Measuring pH 492
15.9 Buffer Solutions 494
Chemical Perspective Acid Rain 495
Chapter Review 496
Questions to Test Your Reading 497
Practice Problems 498
Practice in Problem Analysis 500
Practice Exam 500
16. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 502
UNDERSTANDING OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS 503
16.1 Oxidation and Reduction 504
Chemical Perspective Viitamin C, the Antioxidant 507
16.2 Activity Series 508
16.3 Oxidation Numbers 510
16.4 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations by theHalf-Reaction Method 516
ELECTROCHEMISTRY 524
16.5 Voltaic Cells 525
16.6 Electrolytic Cells 528
16.7 Three Important Batteries 529
Chemical Perspective Electrochemistand Rusting 531
Chapter Review 532
Questions to Test Your Reading 533
Practice Problems 534
Practice in Problem Analysis 536
Practice Exam 537
17. Nuclear ChemistryRADIOACTIVITY 540
17.1 The Nuclear Model Revisited 540
17.2 Radioactive Decay 541
17.3 Nuclear Transmutation 546
17.4 Rate of Radioactive Decay and Half-Life 548
Chemical Perspective The Shroud of Turin 552
17.5 Radioactivity Detection and Measurement 552
17.6 Medical Applications 553
17.7 Everyday Sources and Biological Effects of Radiation 555
NUCLEAR ENERGY 556
17.8 Nuclear Fission 557
17.9 Nuclear Fusion 560
Chemical Perspective Like Mother, Like Daughter 561
Chapter Review 562
Questions to Test Your Reading 563
Practice Problems 563
Practice in Problem Analysis 565
Practice Exam 565
18. Organic Chemistry 566
BONDING AND STRUCTURE IN ORGANICCOMPOUNDS 568
18.1 Carbon-Atom Bonding 568
18.2 Structural Formulas and Isomers 569
HYDROCARBONS 571
18.3 Alkanes 571
18.4 Alkenes and Alkynes 581
18.5 Polyalkene Polymers 585
18.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 587
OXYGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS 591
18.7 Alcohols 592
18.8 Aldehydes and Ketones 597
18.9 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 600
NITROGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS 603
18.10 Amines 604
18.11 Amides and Polyamides 604
Chemical Perspective The Discoveryof Nylon 606
Chapter Review 607
Questions to Test Your Reading 608
Practice Problems 609
Practice in Problem Analysis 614
Practice Exam 614
19. Biochemistry 616
THE CELL 618
19.1 Cell Structure 618
19.2 Biological Molecules: An Overview 619
PROTEINS 621
19.3 Amino Acids 622
19.4 Primary Structure of a Protein 622
19.5 Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protein 628
CARBOHYDRATES 629
19.6 Monosaccharides 630
19.7 Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides 633
NUCLEIC ACIDS 634
19.8 Nucleotides 634
19.9 Deoxybonucleic Acid and the Double Helix 635
19.10 Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Biosynthesis 638
LIPIDS 642
19.11 Triacylglycerols 642
19.12 Phospholipids 643
Chemical Perspective Dinosaurs, Human Origins, and Ancient Molecules 644
Chapter Review 645
Questions to Test Your Reading 646
Practice Problems 647
Practice in Problem Analysis 649
Practice Exam 649