INTRODUCTORY CHEMISTRY SECOND EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Ⅰ. BASIC CONCEPTS 1

1. Introduction to Chemistry 1

2. Measurement in Chemistry 15

3. Matter and Energy 57

4. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 84

Ⅱ. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 119

5. Chemical Formulas and Names 119

6. Chemical Reactions and Equations 147

7. Chemical Composition 186

8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions 218

Ⅲ. ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 251

9. Electron Structure of Atoms 251

10. Chemical Bonding 289

Ⅳ STATES OF MATTER 323

11. The Gaseous State 323

12. Liquids, Solids, and Attractions Between Molecules 361

13. Solutions 392

V. CHEMICAL REACTION CONCEPTS 435

14. Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibum 435

15. Acids and Bases 472

16. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 502

Ⅵ. ADDITIONAL TOPICS 538

17. Nuclear Chemistry 538

18. Organic Chemistry 566

19. Biochemistry 616

1. Introduction to Chemistry 1

1.1 The Science of Chemistry 3

1.2 A Short History of Chemistry 6

1.3 The Scientific Method 10

Chemical Perspective The Discovery of Vitamin C 12

Chapter Review 13

Questions to Test Your Reading 13

Practice Exam 14

2. Measurement in Chemistry 15

METRIC UNITS 16

2.1 Measured Numbers and Units 17

2.2 Writing Measurements in Scientific Notation 18

2.3 Units of Length, Volume, and Mass 21

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 25

2.4 Significant Figures and Uncertainty in Measurement 25

2.5 Significant Figures in Arithmetic Results 29

CALCULATIONS 33

2.6 Temperature and Changing Temperature Scales 33

Chemical Perspective “Normal” Body Temperature 37

2.7 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis 38

2.8 Density 42

Chemical Perspective Your Body Fat from a Density Measurement 48

Chapter Review 49

Questions to Test Your Reading 50

Practice Problems 51

Practice in Problem Analysis 55

Practice Exam 56

3. Matter and Energy 57

MATTER 59

3.1 States of Matter 59

Chemical Perspective Molecules in Motion 62

3.2 Physical and Chemical Changes and Properties 63

3.3 Substances and Mixtures 65

3.4 Elements and Compounds 67

3.5 Law of Conservation of Mass 70

ENERGY 71

3.6 Types of Energy 71

3.7 Heat and Heat Calculations 73

3.8 Law of Conservation of Energy 76

Chemical Perspective Energy on Earth 77

Chapter Review 78

Questions to Test Your Reading 79

Practice Problems 80

Practice in Problem Analysis 82

Practice Exam 83

4. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 84

ATOMS 86

4.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory 86

4.2 Particle Structure of the Atom 88

Chemical Perspective Electric Charge and Ben Franklin 94

4.3 Atomic Weights 95

4.4 Periodic Table of the Elements 98

MOLECULES AND IONS 103

4.5 The “Molecular” Basis of Substances 103

4.6 Comparing Molecular and Ionic Substances 104

4.7 Molecular Substances and Their Formulas 105

4.8 Ionic Substances and Their Formulas 108

4.9 Electrical Properties of Substances in Solution 110

Chemical Perspective Seeing Atoms 112

Chapter Review 113

Questions to Test Your Reading 114

Practice Problems 115

Practice in Problem Analysis 117

Practice Exam 118

5. Chemical Formulas and Names 119

IONIC COMPOUNDS 121

5.1 Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds 121

5.2 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds When the Metal Formsa Single Cation 125

5.3 Naming Binary Ionic Compounds When the Metal FormsSeveral Cations 128

5.4 Compounds with Polyatomic Ions 131

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS 134

5.5 Binary Molecular Compounds 134

Chemical Perspective NO—A Molecular Messenger 137

ACIDS 138

5.6 Naming Binary Acids 138

5.7 Naming Oxyacids 138

Chemical Perspective Beetles, Antiseptics, and Bleaches 140

Chapter Review 141

Questions to Test Your Reading 142

Practice Problems 143

Practice in Problem Analysis 145

Practice Exam 146

6. Chemical Reactions and Equations 147

RECOGNIZING AND SYMBOLIZINGCHEMICAL REACTIONS 149

Recognizing Chemical Reactions 149

6.2 Chemical Equations 150

6.3 Balancing Chemical Equations 153

TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS 158

6.4 Combination and Decomposition Reactions 159

6.5 Single-Replacement Reactions 162

6.6 Double-Replacement Reactions 165

Chemical Perspective Carbon Dioxide and the Permian Extinction 168

6.7 Double Replacement: Solid Forms （Precipitation） 169

6.8 Double Replacement: Gas Forms 172

6.9 Double Replacement: Water Forms （Neutralization） 174

6.10 Combustion Reactions 176

Chemical Perspective Hemoglobin and Its Remarkable Reactions 178

Chapter Review 179

Questions to Test Your Reading 180

Practice Problems 180

Practice in Problem Analysis 184

Practice Exam 184

7. Chemical Composition 186

MOLECULAR WEIGHTS, FORMULA WEIGHTS,AND MOLES 188

7.1 Molecular Weight and Formula Weight 188

Chemical Perspective Using Molecular Weights: Discovery of Buckyball 191

7.2 The Mole 192

7.3 Molar Mass 195

7.4 Molar Masses in Calculations: Grams to Moles 197

7.5 Molar Masses in Calculations: Moles to Grams 198

7.6 Percentage Composition 199

DETERMINING CHEMICAL FORMULAS 203

7.7 Chemical Analysis and Mass Percentages 204

7.8 Empirical Formulas 205

7.9 Molecular Formulas 208

Chemical Perspective A Cancer Drug from an Unlikely Experiment 212

Chapter Review 212

Questions to Test Your Reading 213

Practice Problems 214

Practice in Problem Analysis 216

Practice Exam 217

8. Quantities in Chemical Reactions 218

MOLE AND MASS CALCULATIONS FROM CHEMICAL EQUATIONS 220

8.1 Interpreting a Balanced Chemical Equation 220

8.2Mole Calculations from Chemical Equations 221

8.3 Mass Calculations from Chemical Equations 225

Chemical Perspective Digital X-Ray Photography 231

LIMITING REACTANTS AND PERCENTAGE YIELDS 232

8.4 Identifying Limiting Reactants 233

8.5 Calculations with Limiting Reactants 236

8.6 Percentage Yields 240

Chemical Perspective Nitrogen, the Limiting Reactant for Plant Growth 243

Chapter Review 244

Questions to Test Your Reading 245

Practice Problems 245

Practice in Problem Analysis 249

Practice Exam 250

9. Electron Structure of Atoms 251

ENERGY LEVELS AND ATOMIC ORBITALS 253

9.1 Light and Other Forms of Electromagnetic Radiation 254

9.2 Bohr's Theory of the Atom 256

9.3 Orbitals, Electron Shells, and Subshells 258

Chemical Perspective Seeing and Moving Atoms 265

ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS 266

9.4 Electron Configurations of the First Eighteen Elements 266

9.5 Periodicity of Electron Configurations 270

9.6 Using the Periodic Table to Obtain Electron Configurations 271

9.7 Valence-Shell Configuration of a Main-Group Element 274

PERIODIC PROPERTIES 275

9.8 Periodicity of Atomic and Ionic Radii 276

9.9 Periodicity of Ionization Energies 279

Chemical Perspective The Greenhouse Effect 282

Chapter Review 284

Questions to Test Your Reading 285

Practice Problems 286

Practice in Problem Analysis 288

Practice Exam 288

10. Chemical Bonding 289

IONIC BONDS 290

10.1 Forming an Ionic Bond from Atoms 291

10.2 Describing Ionic Bond Formation by Electron-Dot Symbols 293

COVALENT BONDS 295

10.3 Covalent Bonding as a Sharing of Electron Pairs 296

10.4 Electronegativity and Polar Covalent Bonds 299

10.5 General Method of Writing Electron-Dot Formulas 301

Chemical Perspective Explosives and Bond Strengths 308

SHAPES OF MOLECULES 309

10.6 Molecular Structure 309

10.7 The VSEPR Model of Molecular Shape 310

Chemical Perspective Computer-Generated Molecular Modeling 317

Chapter Review 318

Questions to Test Your Reading 319

Practice Problems 320

Practice in Problem Analysis 322

Practice Exam 322

11The Gaseous State 323

GASES AND THEIR BEHAVIOR 325

11.1 The Nature of Gases 325

11.2 Gas Pressure 326

Chemical Perspective Blood Pressure 330

11.3 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 330

THE GAS LAWS AND STOICHIOMETRY 331

11.4 Boyle's Law （Pressure and Volume） 332

11.5 Charles's Law （Volume and Temperature） 336

11.6 The Combined Gas Law （Pressure, Volume, and Temperature） 341

11.7 Avogadro's Law （Volume and Moles） 342

11.8 The Ideal Gas Law 345

11.9 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 349

11.10 Stoichiometry of Reactions Involving Gases 351

Chemical Perspective Holes in the Ozone Layer 354

Chapter Review 355

Questions to Test Your Reading 356

Practice Problems 356

Practice in Problem Analysis 359

Practice Exam 359

12. Liquids, Solids, and Attractions Between Molecules 361

MACROSCOPIC DESCRIPTION OF THE STATES OF MATTER 363

12.1 The States of Matter and Changes in These States 363

12.2 The Energy for a Change of State 366

12.3 Vapor Pressure and Evaporation 369

Chemical Perspective Relative Humidity 373

MOLECULAR EXPLANATIONS 374

12.4 A Kinetic Molecular Description of Gases, Liquids, and Solids 374

12.5 The Liquid State 376

12.6 The Solid State 381

Chemical Perspective Why Does Ice Float? 386

Chapter Review 386

Questions to Test Your Reading 388

Practice Problems 388

Practice in Problem Analysis 390

Practice Exam 391

13. Solutions 392

AN INTRODUCTION TO SOLUTIONS 394

13.1 Some Terms Used to Describe Solutions 394

13.2 Types of Solutions 395

13.3 General Properties of Solutions 397

CONCEPT OF SOLUBILITY 398

13.4Saturated, Unsaturated, and Supersaturated Solutions 398

13.5 The Solution Process 400

13.6 Factors That Affect Solubility 401

Chemical Perspective Soap, the Molecular Diplomat 404

SOLUTION CONCENTRATION 406

13.7 Mass Percent of Solute 406

13.8 Molarity and lity 410

13.9 Molality 419

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES 420

13.10 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation 420

13.11 Osmotic Pressure 423

Chemical Perspective Water, the （Somewhat） Universal Solvent 426

Chapter Review 427

Questions to Test Your Reading 429

Practice Problems 430

Practice in Problem Analysis 433

Practice Exam 434

14Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium 435

REACTION RATES 437

14.1 Collision Theoryand Activation Energy 438

14.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates 439

Chemical Perspective A Car's Catalytic Converter 442

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM 442

14.3 The Dynamic Nature of Chemical Equilibrium 443

14.4 The Equilibrium Expression 445

14.5 Calculating an Equilibrium Constant 446

14.6 Using an Equilibrium Constant 449

14.7 Heterogeneous Equilibria 451

14.8 Le Chatelier's Principle 454

Chemical Perspective Carbon Monoxide and Hemoglobin 464

Chapter Review 465

Questions to Test Your Reading 466

Practice Problems 467

Practice in Problem Analysis 470

Practice Exam 470

15. Acids and Bases 474

ACID-BASE REACTIONS AND DEFINITIONS 474

15.1The Arrhenius Theoryof Acids and Bases 474

15.2 Neutralization, Salts, and Net Ionic Equations 475

15.3 The Bronsted-LowryTheory 477

Chemical Perspective Acids, Bases, Baking Powder, and Dough 480

15.4 The Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases 480

15.5 Water: An Acid and a Base 484

QUANTIFYING ACID AND BASE SOLUTIONS 485

15.6 Acidic, Neutral, and Basic Solutions 485

15.7 pH 488

15.8 Measuring pH 492

15.9 Buffer Solutions 494

Chemical Perspective Acid Rain 495

Chapter Review 496

Questions to Test Your Reading 497

Practice Problems 498

Practice in Problem Analysis 500

Practice Exam 500

16. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 502

UNDERSTANDING OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS 503

16.1 Oxidation and Reduction 504

Chemical Perspective Viitamin C, the Antioxidant 507

16.2 Activity Series 508

16.3 Oxidation Numbers 510

16.4 Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Equations by theHalf-Reaction Method 516

ELECTROCHEMISTRY 524

16.5 Voltaic Cells 525

16.6 Electrolytic Cells 528

16.7 Three Important Batteries 529

Chemical Perspective Electrochemistand Rusting 531

Chapter Review 532

Questions to Test Your Reading 533

Practice Problems 534

Practice in Problem Analysis 536

Practice Exam 537

17. Nuclear ChemistryRADIOACTIVITY 540

17.1 The Nuclear Model Revisited 540

17.2 Radioactive Decay 541

17.3 Nuclear Transmutation 546

17.4 Rate of Radioactive Decay and Half-Life 548

Chemical Perspective The Shroud of Turin 552

17.5 Radioactivity Detection and Measurement 552

17.6 Medical Applications 553

17.7 Everyday Sources and Biological Effects of Radiation 555

NUCLEAR ENERGY 556

17.8 Nuclear Fission 557

17.9 Nuclear Fusion 560

Chemical Perspective Like Mother, Like Daughter 561

Chapter Review 562

Questions to Test Your Reading 563

Practice Problems 563

Practice in Problem Analysis 565

Practice Exam 565

18. Organic Chemistry 566

BONDING AND STRUCTURE IN ORGANICCOMPOUNDS 568

18.1 Carbon-Atom Bonding 568

18.2 Structural Formulas and Isomers 569

HYDROCARBONS 571

18.3 Alkanes 571

18.4 Alkenes and Alkynes 581

18.5 Polyalkene Polymers 585

18.6 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 587

OXYGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS 591

18.7 Alcohols 592

18.8 Aldehydes and Ketones 597

18.9 Carboxylic Acids and Esters 600

NITROGEN DERIVATIVES OF HYDROCARBONS 603

18.10 Amines 604

18.11 Amides and Polyamides 604

Chemical Perspective The Discoveryof Nylon 606

Chapter Review 607

Questions to Test Your Reading 608

Practice Problems 609

Practice in Problem Analysis 614

Practice Exam 614

19. Biochemistry 616

THE CELL 618

19.1 Cell Structure 618

19.2 Biological Molecules: An Overview 619

PROTEINS 621

19.3 Amino Acids 622

19.4 Primary Structure of a Protein 622

19.5 Three-Dimensional Structure of a Protein 628

CARBOHYDRATES 629

19.6 Monosaccharides 630

19.7 Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides 633

NUCLEIC ACIDS 634

19.8 Nucleotides 634

19.9 Deoxybonucleic Acid and the Double Helix 635

19.10 Ribonucleic Acid and Protein Biosynthesis 638

LIPIDS 642

19.11 Triacylglycerols 642

19.12 Phospholipids 643

Chemical Perspective Dinosaurs, Human Origins, and Ancient Molecules 644

Chapter Review 645

Questions to Test Your Reading 646

Practice Problems 647

Practice in Problem Analysis 649

Practice Exam 649