1 The Human Rights Story 1
In the Beginning: Natural Rights 1
The Trial of Charles Ⅰ 5
Revolutionary Rights 9
The Nineteenth Century: Bentham, Marx and the Humanitarian Impulse 17
Armenian Massacres, The League of Nations and Stalin's Show Trials 23
What Are We Fighting For?&H. G. Wells 30
Nations United 33
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 39
2 The Post-war World 49
1946-76: Thirty Inglorious Years 51
The Human Rights Commission and Council 60
The Human Rights Committee System 70
Some Enforcement at Last: The European Convention, and Other Regions 80
Realpolitik Rules OK 90
The Srebrenica Question 102
3 The Rights of Humankind 108
Making Human Rights Rule: International Law 110
International Crimes and the Rule Against Retrospectivity 121
The Statute of Liberty 125
Safety of the Person 131
Individual Freedoms 138
The Right to Fairness 149
Judicial Independence 160
Peaceful Enjoyment of Property 169
4 Twenty-first Century Blues 175
Freedom from Execution 176
Death Penalty Safeguards (Mandatory Death Sentences, Unfair Trials, Rights of Appeal, Mercy Petitions, Stays of Execution, Exempted Persons, Delayed Executions, Modes of Execution) 182
Minority, Cultural and Indigenous Rights (The Right to Exist, The Right to Be Different, The Right to Return of Cultural Property, Indigenous Minorities) 195
Self-determination 207
The Question of Palestine 216
Economic and Social Rights 220
Labour Rights as Human Rights 229
The Duties of Multinational Corporations 232
A Right to Democracy? 239
5 War Law 246
In Search of the Just War (Dr Lieber's Code, The Hague Conventions, The World Wars) 251
The Geneva Conventions (The 1949 Conventions, The 1977 Protocols) 256
Good Conventions (Chemical and Biological Weapons, Nuclear Weaponry, Conventional Weapons, Landmines, Cluster Bombs, Pillage, The Crime of Aggression) 266
The Dogs of War 288
War Reporting (Compulsion to Testify, Source Protection) 291
Child Soldiers 298
6 An End to Impunity? 301
International Criminals: Pirates, Slavers and Kaisers 302
The Nazi Leaders: Summary Execution? 306
The Trial 309
Judgment Day 313
Nuremberg and Tokyo: Victor's Justice? 316
Towards Universal Jurisdiction (The Genocide Convention, The Torture Convention, Piracy and Slavery, Apartheid) 324
The Nuremberg Legacy 342
7 Slouching Towards Nemesis 351
Out of This Blackness 354
The Duty to Prosecute 359
The Limits of Amnesty 367
Amnesties in International Law 372
Truth Commissions and Transitional Justice 383
The Case for Retribution 398
8 The Case of General Pinochet 404
An Arrest in Harley Street 406
The State in International Law 412
Sovereign Immunity 414
Bring On the Diplomats 421
The Law Takes Its Course 424
The Pinochet Precedent and the ICJ 435
9 The Balkan Trials 446
Establishing the ICTY 448
The Legal Basis of the ICTY and ICTR 451
How the ICTY Operates 460
The Tadic Case 469
Individual Responsibility 476
The Rwanda Tribunal (ICTR) 483
The Milosevic Trial 486
Karadzic, Mladic and the ICTY Legacy 495
10 The International Criminal Court 502
Rome 1998: The Politics 503
Rome 1998: The Statute 508
International Crimes (Genocide, Crimes Against Humanity, War Crimes) 512
Criminal Law Principles 522
The Court (Jurisdiction, Complementarity, Composition) 525
The Trial (Prosecution Powers, The Hearing, Punishments, Appeals) 532
Rome 1998: The Aftermath 546
The ICC, Ten Years On 550
11 Justice in Demand 560
Lessons from Sierra Leone 563
The Killing Fields of Cambodia 574
Long Ago and Far Away: Bangladesh 580
The Case of East Timor 584
Trials of the Arab Spring 595
The Lebanon Tribunal 602
Syria - Lethal Force and the Right to Protest 603
12 Terrorism: 9/11 and Beyond 608
Enemies of Humankind? 610
Making War Means Making Law 614
Self-defence: The Ignoble Art? 619
The Road to Guantanamo Bay (Camp Justice: The Trial of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed) 628
Targeted Killings (Send in the Drones, Executing bin Laden) 640
Fair Trials for International Terrorists? (Special Military Commissions, Jury Trial, The Lockerbie Alternative, A UN Tribunal) 656
The Crime of Terrorism 668
13 Toppling Tyrants: The Case of Saddam Hussein 676
Give War a Chance 681
The Bush Doctrine and Beyond 691
Regime Change 697
The Occupation of Iraq 705
Abu Ghraib: Sadists on the Night Shift? 708
The Trial of Saddam Hussein 720
14 The Guernica Paradox: Bombing for Humanity 728
The Right of Humanitarian Intervention 733
We Bombed in Kosovo 745
Just War 755
The Responsibility to Protect (The R2P Principle, Libya and Syria - 2 R2P or not?, Sri Lanka - Getting Away with Mass Murder) 760
The Gaddafi Precedent (The Crimes of the Colonel, Resolution 1970, Resolution 1973, Tripoli or The Hague?) 767
The Aftermath - Laurent Gbagbo 780
Epilogue 784
Notes 804
Appendices 852
A: Human Rights in History 852
B: Universal Declaration of Human Rights 861
C: Ratifications of Human Rights Conventions 868
D: Excerpts from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 870
E: Excerpts from the Charter of the United Nations 883
Index 889