Introduction 1
Origins of this project 2
Scope and content 8
Post-scriptum on the politics of footnoting 11
1 Concepts and definitions 12
Introduction 12
International organisations 13
Definition of international organisations 14
History of international organisations 19
The concept of autonomy and international organisations 32
International human rights law 34
Humanitarianism 36
The struggle to end the slave trade and the origins of modern international humanitarianism 37
Humanitarianism and human rights 51
Accountability 52
2 Human rights obligations of international organisations 55
Introduction 55
The meaning of institutional practice 57
International legal personality 58
Autonomy and personality 58
Legal personality in international decisions 63
Are there obligations that flow automatically from international legal personality? 70
Redressing the 'rights-bias'of international legal personality 72
Obligations arising under the constituent instrument 73
Express obligations 74
Implied obligations 75
Obligations arising under institutional acts 82
The effects of the human rights obligations of member states 86
Conclusion 88
3 International institutional responsibility 91
Introduction 91
Conceptual issues 93
Wrongful act and breach 97
Attribution 99
The general rule 99
Attribution under Article 6 103
Attribution of conduct in the international administration of territory 122
Attribution of ultra vires conduct 125
Derivative responsibility 127
Responsibility of the international organisation in connection with the act of a state or another international organisation 127
Responsibility of the state in connection with the act of an international organisation 129
Complicity 135
Circumstances precluding wrongfulness 137
Content of responsibility 139
Implementation of responsibility 141
Conclusion 142
4 UN relief and development operations 144
Introduction 144
International law and humanitarian assistance 148
The Responsibility to Protect 151
The consent of the host state 153
A right to humanitarian assistance? 159
UN resolutions 161
The distinction between natural and man-made disasters 163
Neutrality and impartiality 164
The breach of the principle of non-discrimination in the provision of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan and to Afghan refugees in Pakistan 169
The history of relief to Afghanistan 169
The practice of the political organs of the UN 173
The other two levels of organisational practice:bureaucratic practice and actual conduct 181
Conclusion 191
5 UN peacekeeping operations 196
Introduction 196
The question of command and control 199
Applicable law 202
Principles and rules of general applicability 202
Mission-specific obligations 208
Scope for abuse 214
Sexual abuse and exploitation 215
Right to life, freedom from torture and arbitrary detentions 218
Failure to prevent genocide 221
Enforcement of international obligations 223
Domestic and international criminal law 223
Private third-party claims 224
Limitations on UN liability 226
Conclusion 228
6 International administrations 230
Introduction 230
Definition and typology 232
The legality of international administrations 239
Violations of human rights in dejure international administrations 241
Bosnia and Herzegovina 244
East Timor 254
Kosovo 256
Conclusion: benign autocracies or international leviathans? 267
Violation of human rights in de facto international administrations 269
The administrative structure of refugee camps:'perfect city' representations and dystopian realities 270
Human rights in refugee camps 281
Conclusion 298
7 Implementation of UN sanctions 300
Introduction 300
The development of UN sanctions over the years 302
The legality of sanctions 304
Sanctions and human rights 306
Comprehensive sanctions 306
Targeted sanctions 311
Case law 315
Conclusion 319
8 Accountability 320
Introduction 320
Political and administrative controls 321
Control and oversight under the Charter 321
The reports of the Secretary General 323
Investigations and inquiries 326
General administrative oversight 329
Semi-judicial administrative processes 332
An assessment 334
Control by member states 336
Judicial control 343
The review of the acts of the Security Council 345
The problem of immunity 351
The doctrine of equivalent protection 359
Equivalent protection in England 372
A role for NGOs? 386
Conclusion 391
Conclusions 394
Bibliography 398
Index 429