THE UN AND HUMAN RIGHTSPDF电子书下载

Introduction 1

Origins of this project 2

Scope and content 8

Post-scriptum on the politics of footnoting 11

1 Concepts and definitions 12

Introduction 12

International organisations 13

Definition of international organisations 14

History of international organisations 19

The concept of autonomy and international organisations 32

International human rights law 34

Humanitarianism 36

The struggle to end the slave trade and the origins of modern international humanitarianism 37

Humanitarianism and human rights 51

Accountability 52

2 Human rights obligations of international organisations 55

Introduction 55

The meaning of institutional practice 57

International legal personality 58

Autonomy and personality 58

Legal personality in international decisions 63

Are there obligations that flow automatically from international legal personality? 70

Redressing the 'rights-bias'of international legal personality 72

Obligations arising under the constituent instrument 73

Express obligations 74

Implied obligations 75

Obligations arising under institutional acts 82

The effects of the human rights obligations of member states 86

Conclusion 88

3 International institutional responsibility 91

Introduction 91

Conceptual issues 93

Wrongful act and breach 97

Attribution 99

The general rule 99

Attribution under Article 6 103

Attribution of conduct in the international administration of territory 122

Attribution of ultra vires conduct 125

Derivative responsibility 127

Responsibility of the international organisation in connection with the act of a state or another international organisation 127

Responsibility of the state in connection with the act of an international organisation 129

Complicity 135

Circumstances precluding wrongfulness 137

Content of responsibility 139

Implementation of responsibility 141

Conclusion 142

4 UN relief and development operations 144

Introduction 144

International law and humanitarian assistance 148

The Responsibility to Protect 151

The consent of the host state 153

A right to humanitarian assistance? 159

UN resolutions 161

The distinction between natural and man-made disasters 163

Neutrality and impartiality 164

The breach of the principle of non-discrimination in the provision of humanitarian assistance to Afghanistan and to Afghan refugees in Pakistan 169

The history of relief to Afghanistan 169

The practice of the political organs of the UN 173

The other two levels of organisational practice:bureaucratic practice and actual conduct 181

Conclusion 191

5 UN peacekeeping operations 196

Introduction 196

The question of command and control 199

Applicable law 202

Principles and rules of general applicability 202

Mission-specific obligations 208

Scope for abuse 214

Sexual abuse and exploitation 215

Right to life, freedom from torture and arbitrary detentions 218

Failure to prevent genocide 221

Enforcement of international obligations 223

Domestic and international criminal law 223

Private third-party claims 224

Limitations on UN liability 226

Conclusion 228

6 International administrations 230

Introduction 230

Definition and typology 232

The legality of international administrations 239

Violations of human rights in dejure international administrations 241

Bosnia and Herzegovina 244

East Timor 254

Kosovo 256

Conclusion: benign autocracies or international leviathans? 267

Violation of human rights in de facto international administrations 269

The administrative structure of refugee camps:'perfect city' representations and dystopian realities 270

Human rights in refugee camps 281

Conclusion 298

7 Implementation of UN sanctions 300

Introduction 300

The development of UN sanctions over the years 302

The legality of sanctions 304

Sanctions and human rights 306

Comprehensive sanctions 306

Targeted sanctions 311

Case law 315

Conclusion 319

8 Accountability 320

Introduction 320

Political and administrative controls 321

Control and oversight under the Charter 321

The reports of the Secretary General 323

Investigations and inquiries 326

General administrative oversight 329

Semi-judicial administrative processes 332

An assessment 334

Control by member states 336

Judicial control 343

The review of the acts of the Security Council 345

The problem of immunity 351

The doctrine of equivalent protection 359

Equivalent protection in England 372

A role for NGOs? 386

Conclusion 391

Conclusions 394

Bibliography 398

Index 429