Ⅰ.Introduction:The Law and the Courts 3
The Nature of Law 4
Positive and Natural Law 6
Common Law and Statutory Law 8
Common Law 8
Equity 14
Statutory Law 16
"Mixing"Common and Statutory Law 17
Some Additional Legal Definitions and Concepts 18
Civil and Criminal Law 21
Ⅱ.Staffing the Courts 23
Selection 23
The Two Chief Methods 24
A Compromise? 36
Tenure of Office 41
The United States 41
Britain 50
France 52
Qualifications and Motivations:The United States 53
Basic Prerequisites? 53
Judicial Experience and Its Absence 54
The Justices in Composite 64
Motives that Underlie Appointments 65
"Packing the Court"and the Nominees'Real'Politics 77
On the Role of the United States Senate 80
Qualifications and Experience:The Special Cases of England and France 92
England 93
France 97
Ⅲ.Courts,Courtrooms,and Juries 100
Types of Courts:Trial and Appellate 100
Trical Courts 100
Appellate Courts 101
Courtroom Procedure:General 102
"Innocent-Until-Proved-Guilty:"The Accusatorial Procedure 102
"Guilty-Until-Proved-Innocent":The Inquisitorial Procedure 105
"Vox Dei"or"Vox Populi"in Action:The Juries 107
The Grand lury 109
The Trial or Petit lury 116
Selection and Impaneling of Juries 120
The Trial Jury at Work 128
Instructing the Jury:The Judge's Charge 131
Juries:Blessing or Evil? 136
From Offense to Trial:A Procedural Note 140
Procedure in Civil Cases 141
Procedure in Criminal Cases 143
Ⅳ.Courts at Home:I'The Lesser Tribunals 146
A Dual System of Courts 146
The State Courts 147
The Justice of the Peace 147
The Municipal Court 149
The County Court 150
The Intermediate Court of Appeals 151
The Final Court of Appeals 152
The Fcderal Courts 152
The Federal Legislative Courts 153
Ex-Legislative"Special"Constitutional Courts 158
The Federal constitutional Courts 162
Administering the Federal Judiciary 175
Ⅴ.Courts at Home:ⅡThe Supreme Cout 179
At the Zenith:The United States Supreme Court 179
Original Jurisdiction 180
Appellate Jurisdiction 182
Writs of Review 183
Work Load 192
The United States Supreme Court at Work 199
Oral Argument 201
Bchind Closed Doors 206
Assigning and Writing Opinions 211
Opinion Day(s) 232
Compliance 238
Outside Influences on Court Personnel 245
Legal Periodicals 246
Social Science Data 248
Test Cases 249
The Brief Amicus Curiae 250
The Law Clerks 254
Ⅵ.Courts Abroad 260
The Courts of England and Wales 260
The Criminal Courts' Hierarchy 261
The Civil Courts' Hierarchy 266
The Courts of France 271
Two Major Divisions 272
The ordindry or Regular Courts' Hierarchy 273
Administrative Tribunals Generally 277
The French Administrative Courts 281
Some Notes on the Judiciary of the Soviet Union 286
The Absence of an Independent Judiciary 287
The Court Hierarchy 289
The Procurator-General 293
Ⅶ.Judicial Review:I The Supreme Power 295
Defining Judicial Review 295
Judicial Review Abroad 311
Britain 311
France 312
Some Other Special Constitutional Tribunals 316
An Historical Note 321
Hudicial Review at Home 322
Further Historical Roots 324
Spelling It Out:Marbury v.Madison 325
Ⅷ.Judicial Review:Ⅱ Controversy and Limitations 333
Judicial Review in a Democratic State:Saint or Sinner? 333
Invoking Authority 334
Drawing the Line-or Attempting To Do So 338
Judicial Legislating 338
Judges Limited:The Taught Tradition of the Law 346
Stare Decisis 347
Other Limitations on Judicial Power and Effectiveness 351
Reversing the Court 351
Policy Formulations and Considerations 354
Compliance and Enforcement 356
Machtkampf:The Supreme Court in the Political Power Struggle 358
Ⅸ.Goda:A Realistic Bulwark 372
The Sixteen Great Maxims of Judicial Self-Restraint 373
The Bulwark 397
Appendices 401
A.Members of the Supreme Court of the United States 402
B.Table of Succession of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 406
Four Selected Bibliographies 409
Ⅰ.American Constitutional Law:Classified Listing of Selected General Works 410
Ⅱ.Biographies,Autobiographies,and Related Works of and by Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 470
Ⅲ.Comparative Constitutional and Administrative Law 483
Ⅳ.American Constitutional Law:Classified Listing of Selected Works on Civil Rights and Liberties 507
Indices 593
Ⅰ.General Subject Index 595
Ⅱ.Name Index 605
Ⅲ.Court Case Index 615