THE JUDICIAL PROCESS FOURTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Ⅰ.Introduction:The Law and the Courts 3

The Nature of Law 4

Positive and Natural Law 6

Common Law and Statutory Law 8

Common Law 8

Equity 14

Statutory Law 16

"Mixing"Common and Statutory Law 17

Some Additional Legal Definitions and Concepts 18

Civil and Criminal Law 21

Ⅱ.Staffing the Courts 23

Selection 23

The Two Chief Methods 24

A Compromise? 36

Tenure of Office 41

The United States 41

Britain 50

France 52

Qualifications and Motivations:The United States 53

Basic Prerequisites? 53

Judicial Experience and Its Absence 54

The Justices in Composite 64

Motives that Underlie Appointments 65

"Packing the Court"and the Nominees'Real'Politics 77

On the Role of the United States Senate 80

Qualifications and Experience:The Special Cases of England and France 92

England 93

France 97

Ⅲ.Courts,Courtrooms,and Juries 100

Types of Courts:Trial and Appellate 100

Trical Courts 100

Appellate Courts 101

Courtroom Procedure:General 102

"Innocent-Until-Proved-Guilty:"The Accusatorial Procedure 102

"Guilty-Until-Proved-Innocent":The Inquisitorial Procedure 105

"Vox Dei"or"Vox Populi"in Action:The Juries 107

The Grand lury 109

The Trial or Petit lury 116

Selection and Impaneling of Juries 120

The Trial Jury at Work 128

Instructing the Jury:The Judge's Charge 131

Juries:Blessing or Evil? 136

From Offense to Trial:A Procedural Note 140

Procedure in Civil Cases 141

Procedure in Criminal Cases 143

Ⅳ.Courts at Home:I'The Lesser Tribunals 146

A Dual System of Courts 146

The State Courts 147

The Justice of the Peace 147

The Municipal Court 149

The County Court 150

The Intermediate Court of Appeals 151

The Final Court of Appeals 152

The Fcderal Courts 152

The Federal Legislative Courts 153

Ex-Legislative"Special"Constitutional Courts 158

The Federal constitutional Courts 162

Administering the Federal Judiciary 175

Ⅴ.Courts at Home:ⅡThe Supreme Cout 179

At the Zenith:The United States Supreme Court 179

Original Jurisdiction 180

Appellate Jurisdiction 182

Writs of Review 183

Work Load 192

The United States Supreme Court at Work 199

Oral Argument 201

Bchind Closed Doors 206

Assigning and Writing Opinions 211

Opinion Day(s) 232

Compliance 238

Outside Influences on Court Personnel 245

Legal Periodicals 246

Social Science Data 248

Test Cases 249

The Brief Amicus Curiae 250

The Law Clerks 254

Ⅵ.Courts Abroad 260

The Courts of England and Wales 260

The Criminal Courts' Hierarchy 261

The Civil Courts' Hierarchy 266

The Courts of France 271

Two Major Divisions 272

The ordindry or Regular Courts' Hierarchy 273

Administrative Tribunals Generally 277

The French Administrative Courts 281

Some Notes on the Judiciary of the Soviet Union 286

The Absence of an Independent Judiciary 287

The Court Hierarchy 289

The Procurator-General 293

Ⅶ.Judicial Review:I The Supreme Power 295

Defining Judicial Review 295

Judicial Review Abroad 311

Britain 311

France 312

Some Other Special Constitutional Tribunals 316

An Historical Note 321

Hudicial Review at Home 322

Further Historical Roots 324

Spelling It Out:Marbury v.Madison 325

Ⅷ.Judicial Review:Ⅱ Controversy and Limitations 333

Judicial Review in a Democratic State:Saint or Sinner? 333

Invoking Authority 334

Drawing the Line-or Attempting To Do So 338

Judicial Legislating 338

Judges Limited:The Taught Tradition of the Law 346

Stare Decisis 347

Other Limitations on Judicial Power and Effectiveness 351

Reversing the Court 351

Policy Formulations and Considerations 354

Compliance and Enforcement 356

Machtkampf:The Supreme Court in the Political Power Struggle 358

Ⅸ.Goda:A Realistic Bulwark 372

The Sixteen Great Maxims of Judicial Self-Restraint 373

The Bulwark 397

Appendices 401

A.Members of the Supreme Court of the United States 402

B.Table of Succession of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 406

Four Selected Bibliographies 409

Ⅰ.American Constitutional Law:Classified Listing of Selected General Works 410

Ⅱ.Biographies,Autobiographies,and Related Works of and by Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States 470

Ⅲ.Comparative Constitutional and Administrative Law 483

Ⅳ.American Constitutional Law:Classified Listing of Selected Works on Civil Rights and Liberties 507

Indices 593

Ⅰ.General Subject Index 595

Ⅱ.Name Index 605

Ⅲ.Court Case Index 615