Introduction 1
Globalisation and the Democratic Deficit 2
The Democratic Legitimacy of International Law 11
The Structure of the Book 15
1 The Democratic Deficit in Global Governance 22
The Vertical' Complaint 23
The 'Horizontal' Complaint 28
The 'Ideological' Complaint 31
The Democratisation of Global Governance 33
Reaffirming Sovereignty 34
A Global Democratic State 43
A Global Democratic Federation 47
A Democratic Peace 50
Perpetual Peace 51
A Law of Peoples 54
Cosmopolitan Democratic Law 60
Democratising International Institutions 64
International Parliamentary Assemblies 65
A UN Parliamentary Assembly 67
The Accountability Deficit 71
The Role of Experts 72
The Accountability of International Organisations 79
Global Discourses: the Role of International Civil Society 83
Conclusion 89
2 Democracy Within and Beyond the State 92
International Law and the Democratic Deficit 94
Politically Decidable Issues 98
Deliberative Democracy 102
Deliberative Majorities 106
Deliberative Politics 108
Human Rights in a Democracy 109
The Parliamentary Principle of Democracy 112
Challenging Democratic Truths: the Role of Judicial Review 113
Deliberative Democracy Beyond the State 115
Conclusion 121
3 The State as （Democratic） Self-Legislator 123
The Sovereign State 124
The State as Self-Legislator 128
Contractual Autonomy 133
Law-Making Treaties 135
Deliberative Diplomacy 138
The Indeterminacy of International Law Obligations 145
The Problem of Customary International Law 150
The Role of the International Law Profession 152
A Modern Form of Customary International Law 154
General Principles of Law 155
The Writings of Publicists and Judgments of Courts 157
The Writings of Publicists 157
The Judgments of Courts 158
Conclusion 161
4 The Constitutionalisation of International Law 163
From Contract to Governance 164
Community Interests and Constitutionalisation 171
The Constitutionalisation of Inteational Law 175
The Normative Hierarchy of International Law 176
Article 103, Charter of the United Nations 179
The International Constitution 182
The International Constitutional Order 187
Liberal Democratic Values in International Law 193
Rule of Law 194
International Human Rights Law 198
Human Rights in the United Nations System 202
The Construction of the Liberal State 207
Conclusion 210
5 Democracy in International Law 211
Democracy in International Law 212
Democratic Self-Determination 213
A （Human） Right to Democracy 219
Democracy in the Practice of States 222
Membership of International Organisations 223
Democracy in the International Law Order 228
Democratic Regime Change in International Law 231
Operation Enduring Freedom （Afghanistan） 235
Operation Iraqi Freedom 237
Conclusion 245
6 International Governance by Non-State Actors 247
Global Governance 249
International ‘Soft' Law 253
Non-State Actors as Law-Makers 256
The UN Security Council 257
‘Networks' of Officials: Basel Committee on BankingStandards 264
Public-Private Partnerships: World Commission on Dams 267
Private International Governance Schemes 269
Governance by Non-State Actors 271
7 A Concept of （International） Law 277
The Concept of （State） Law 277
Autopoiesis: Law as a Closed System of Communication 280
Global Bukowina 286
The Fragmentation of International Law 289
Constitutionalisation Beyond the State 292
The Idea of Law 296
The Idea of Authority 300
Democracy and the Concept of Authority 303
A Revised Concept of Law 309
8 Deliberative Democracy Beyond the State 311
The Idea of Constituent Power 312
Democracy and the Exercise of Political Authority 315
Those 'Affected'/'Subjected' 322
The Political Concept of Global Justice 327
Conclusion 331
9 Democracy in Conditions of Global Legal Pluralism 334
Pluralism in Global Governance 335
Normative Pluralism 338
What is Legal Pluralism? 341
Global Legal Pluralism 343
Rethinking Global Legal Pluralism 345
State Law and International Law 350
Relationship Between Democracy and International Law 360
The Limits of International Law 361
Democracy-Enhancing International Law 363
Constitutional Self-Limitation 365
International Law as a Pre-Commitment Device 368
A Contestable International Rule of Law 369
Conclusion 371
Conclusion: Democracy and the Public International Lawyer 377
Selected Bibliography 383
Index 395