Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminal Behavior 1
Theories of Crime 2
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Nature 4
Perspectives in Criminology 6
Sociological Criminology 6
Psychological Criminology 7
Psychiatric Criminology 9
Psychoanalytic Tradition 10
Defining and Measuring Crime 11
Uniform Crime Reporting System 11
UCR Problems 14
The National Incident-Based Reporting System 15
Hate Crimes 17
Self-Report Studies 20
Drug Abuse Self-Report Surveys 21
Victimization Surveys 22
Juvenile Delinquency 24
Recap: Defining Crime and Delinquency 25
Key Concepts 27
Review Questions 27
Chapter 2 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors 28
Social Risk Factors 29
Poverty 29
Peer Rejection and Association with Antisocial Peers 31
Preschool Experiences 33
After-School Care 34
School Failure 35
Parental and Family Risk Factors 35
Single-Parent Households 35
Parental Styles and Practices 36
Parental Monitoring 39
Influence of Siblings 40
Parental Psychopathology 40
Lack of Attachment 40
Psychological Risk Factors 42
Lack of Empathy 42
Cognitive and Language Deficiencies 43
Intelligence and Delinquency 44
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 47
ADHD and Criminal Behavior 48
Conduct Disorder 49
Summary and Conclusions 50
Key Concepts 51
Review Questions 51
Chapter 3 Origins of Crininal Behavior: Biological Factors 52
Genetics and Antisocial Behavior 53
Twin Studies 54
Twin Studies and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research 57
Adoption Studies 58
Psychophysiological Factors 60
Temperament 61
Three Things That Define Temperament 62
Environmental Risk Factors 63
Birth Complications 64
Nicotine, Alcohol, and Drug Exposure 65
Brain Development 65
Neuropsychological Factors 67
Hormones and Neurotransmitters 67
Heredity and the XYY Chromosome 68
Epilepsy and Violence 69
Eysenck's Theory of Personality and Crime 70
Measurement of Eysenck's Theory 71
Extraversion 72
Physiological Bases of Extraversion-lntroversion 73
Neuroticism 75
Neurophysiological Bases of Neuroticism-Stability 75
Psychoticism 77
Crime and Conditionability 77
The Evidence for Eysenck's Theory 80
Summary and Conclusions 82
Key Concepts 84
Review Questions 84
Chapter 4 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Learning and Situational Factors 85
Behaviorism 86
Skinner's Theory of Behavior 87
Social Learning 91
Expectancy Theory 93
Imitational Aspects of Social Learning 93
Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory 94
Frustration-Induced Criminality 96
The Socialized and Individual Offender 97
Frustration-Induced Riots 97
Frustration and Crime 98
Situational Instigators and Regulators of Criminal Behavior 98
Authority as an Instigator of Criminal Behavior 99
Deindividuation 102
Stanford Prison Study 105
Moral Disengagement 106
Deindividuation and Crowd Violence 107
Summary and Conclusions 108
Key Concepts 109
Review Questions 109
Chapter 5 Human Aggression and Violence 110
Defining Aggression 112
Hostile and Instrumental Aggression 112
Interpretation by Victim 113
Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression 114
Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Viewpoint 114
Ethological Viewpoints 115
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 116
Cognitive-Neoassociation Model 118
Excitation Transfer Theory 118
Displaced Aggression Theory 119
Aggressive Driving and Road Rage 119
Social Learning Factors in Aggression and Violence 121
Modeling 122
Types of Models 122
Observation Modeling 123
Cognitive Models of Aggression 124
Cognitive Scripts Model 124
Hostile Attribution Bias 125
Aggressive Behavior: Simple and Easy to Use 126
Overt and Covert Acts of Aggression 127
Reactive and Proactive Forms of Aggression 128
Gender Differences in Aggression 129
Effects of Media Violence 130
Contagion Effect 133
Summary and Conclusions 134
Key Concepts 136
Review Questions 136
Chapter 6 Juvenile Delinquency 137
Legal Definitions of Delinquency 139
Child Delinquents 139
Social Definitions of Delinquency 140
Psychological Definitions 140
The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending 140
Status Offenses 142
The Serious Delinquent 144
Gender Differences in Juvenile Offending 144
A Further Word on Status Offenses 145
Developmental Theories of Delinquency 146
Moffitt's Developmental Theory 147
Coercion Developmental Theory 151
Other Developmental Theories 153
Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Juvenile Offending 153
Treatment and Rehabilitation Strategies 153
Characteristics of Successful Programs 153
They Begin Early 154
They Follow Developmental Principles 154
They Focus on Multiple Settings and Systems 155
They Acknowledge and Respect Cultural Backgrounds 155
They Focus on the Family First 156
Classification of Prevention and Intervention Programs 156
Primary Prevention 158
The Enchancement and Development of Resilience 158
Selective Prevention 160
The Fast Track Experiment 160
Treatment Approaches 161
Traditional Residential Treatment 163
Nontraditional Residential Treatment 164
Community Treatment: MST with SeriousOffenders 166
Summary and Conclusions 168
Key Concepts 169
Review Questions 170
Chapter 7 Criminal Psychopathy 171
What is a Psychopath? 171
An Example of a Psychopath 172
Behavioral Descriptions 174
Charming and Verbally Fluent 174
Psychological Testing Differences 175
Psychopaths and Mental Disorders 175
Do Psychopaths Ever Commit Suicide? 176
Other Principal Traits 176
The Criminal Psychopath 178
Prevalence of Criminal Psychopathy 178
Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths 179
Psychological Measures of Psychopathy 180
Core Factors of Psychopathy 181
Recidivism 183
The Female Psychopath 183
Racial/Ethnic Differences 184
Juvenile Psychopathy 185
Can Juvenile Psychopathy be Identified? 186
Ethical Considerations 186
Psychopathic Traits in Juvenile Delinquents 187
Measures of Juvenile Psychopathy 188
Biological Factors and Psychopathy 188
Genetic Factors 189
Neurophysiology and Psychopathy 189
Central Nervous System Differences 190
Hemisphere Asymmetry and Deficiency 190
Frontal Neuropsychological Studies 191
Amygdala Dysfunction 192
Stimulation Seeking 192
Optimal Arousal of the Cerebral Cortex 193
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Research 196
Autonomic Nervous System Research 197
Childhood of the Psychopath 200
Treatment of Psychopaths 201
Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Psychopathic Features 203
Summary and Conclusions 204
Key Concepts 206
Review Questions 206
Chapter 8 Crime and Mental Disorders 207
Defining Mental Illness 209
The DSM-IV 210
Schizophrenic Disorders 211
Delusional Disorders 212
Depressive Disorders 213
Antisocial Personality Disorder 213
Competency and Criminal Responsibility 215
Incompetency to Stand Trial 215
Criminal Responsibility 218
Insanity Standards 221
The M'Naghten Rule 221
The Brawner Rule and the American Law Institute Rule 222
The Durham Rule: The Product Test 223
The Insanity Defense Reform Act 223
Guilty but Mentally Ill 225
Unique Defenses 225
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 225
Pathological Gamblers' Syndrome 227
Dissociative Identity Disorder 228
Amnesia 231
Mental Disorder and Violence 231
Research on the Violence of the Mentally Disordered 232
The MacArthur Research Network 234
Police and the Mentally Disordered 234
Mentally Disordered Inmates 235
Diagnoses of Mentally Disordered Inmates 237
Dangerousness and the Assessment of Risk 238
Risk Assessment 238
TheTarasoff Case 239
Predictors of Dangerous Behavior 242
Current Risk Assessment Measures 242
Summary and Conclusions 244
Key Concepts 245
Review Questions 246
Chapter 9 Homicide, Assault, and Family Violence 247
Definitions 249
Criminal Homicide 250
Aggravated Assault 251
Demographic Factors of Homicide 251
Race/Ethnic Origin 251
Gender Differences 252
Age 252
Socioeconomic Class 252
Circumstances 252
Weapons Used in Violence 254
Juvenile Weapon Possession 254
Weapons and Violence 254
Sniper Attacks 255
Psychological Aspects of Homicide 256
General Altercation Homicide 258
Felony Commission Homicides 259
Juvenile Murder 260
Demographics and Psychological Characteristics of Juvenile Murderers 261
The Dynamic Cascade Model 262
Treatment of Juveniles Who Kill 263
Family Violence 264
Prevalence 264
Ethnic/Minority Differences 265
Victims 265
Brief History of the Modern Era of Family Violence 266
Incidence, Prevalence, and Demographics of Child Abuse and Neglect 268
Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children 269
Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 270
Shaken Baby Syndrome 271
Infanticide 271
Neonaticide 272
Filicide 273
Partner and Other Family Abuse 275
Intimate Partner Abuse: Prevalence, Incidence, and Nature 275
Same-Sex Domestic Violence 276
Psychological and Demographic Characteristics of Abusers 276
Elderly Abuse: Prevalence, Incidence, and Nature 278
Sibling-to-Sibling Violence 280
Child-to-Parent Violence 280
Multiassaultive Families 282
The Cycle of Violence 282
The Effects of Family Violence on Children 283
The Nature and Theory of Family Violence 285
Cessation of Family Violence 286
Summary and Conclusions 288
Key Concepts 288
Review Questions 289
Chapter 10 Multiple Murder, School, and Workplace Violence 290
Investigative Psychology 290
Crime Scene Investigative Methods 291
Profiling 294
Criminal Profiling 295
Research on Criminal Profiling 297
Geographical Profiling 298
The Psychological Autopsy 299
Racial Profiling 299
Multiple Murderers 301
Definitions 302
Serial Murderers 303
Psychological Motives and Causes 304
Research on Backgrounds 305
Female Serial Killers 306
The Victimological Perspective in Understanding Serial Killers 306
Geographical Location of Serial Killing 307
Ethnic and Racial Characteristics 307
Juvenile Serial Murderers 308
Typologies of Serial Murderers 308
Mass Murderers 309
Classic Mass Murder 310
A Mass Murder Typology 310
Product Tampering 312
School Violence 313
School Shootings 314
Psychological Characteristics of School Shooters 315
School Bullying 316
Workplace Violence 317
Defining Workplace Violence 317
Examples of Workplace Violence 318
Perpetrators of Workplace Violence 320
Summary and Conclusions 322
Key Concepts 323
Review Questions 324
Chapter 11 Psychology of Terrorism 325
Definitions and Examples 326
Classification of Terrorist Groups 329
ATerrorist Typology 331
Followers and Leaders: Who Joins and Who Leads 332
Why Do They join? 333
Becoming a Terrorist: The Process of Radicalization 334
Fail-Safe Procedures 335
Terrorist Leaders 335
Lone Wolf Terrorists 336
The Psychosocial Context of Terrorism 338
Psychology of Terrorist Motives and Justifications 339
Additional Disengagement Practices 340
Psychological Nature of Terrorism 341
Cognitive Restructuring 341
Moral Development 343
Summary and Conclusions 346
Key Concepts 346
Review Questions 347
Chapter 12 Sexual Assault 348
Who Offends? 349
Legislation to Deter Sex Offenders 350
Rape: Definitions and Statistics 353
Date or Acquaintance Rape 354
Incidence and Prevalence of Rape 354
Impact on Victims 356
Psychological Effects on Victims 356
Situational and Victimization Characteristics 357
Rape Offender Characteristics 358
Age 358
Offending History 358
Demographics 359
Assumptions About Why Men Rape 359
Deniers and Admitters 361
Self-Reported Reasons for Sexual Assault 361
Classification of Rape Patterns 362
Massachusetts Treatment Center Classification System 363
The MTC:R3 365
The Groth Typology 368
Etiology or Causes of Rape 369
Attitudes toward Rape 369
Rape Myths 371
Sexual Assault and Pornography 372
The (Non)Mentally Disordered Sex Offender 374
Summary and Conclusion 376
Key Concepts 377
Review Questions 377
Chapter 13 Sexual Assault of Children and Youth and Other Sexual Offenses 378
Incidence and Prevalence of Pedophilia 380
Situational and Victimization Characteristics 381
Types of Sexual Contact 382
Psychological Effects of Child Sexual Victimization 382
Offender Characteristics 383
Gender of the Offender 383
Age 384
Attitudes Toward Victims 384
Cognitive Functions 385
Occupational and Socioeconomic Status 385
Interpersonal and Social Skills 385
Classification of Child Offender Patterns 386
The MTC:CM3 388
The Groth Classification Model 390
Female Sex Offender Typology 391
Juvenile Sex Offenders 393
Female Juvenile Sex Offenders 393
Recidivism of Pedophiles 394
Recidivism of Juvenile Sex Offenders 395
Theories on Potential Causes 395
Exhibitionism 397
Situational Characteristics 398
Offender Characteristics 399
Voyeurism and Fetishism 400
Treatment of Sex Offenders 402
Treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders 405
Summary and Conclusions 406
Key Concepts 407
Review Questions 408
Chapter 14 Property and Public Order Crime 409
Burglary 411
Characteristics of Burglary 411
Who Commits Burglary? 412
Burglary Cues and Selected Targets 413
Burglar Cognitive Processes 413
How Far Do Burglars Travel? 415
Do They Usually Work Alone? 415
Gender Differences in Methods and Patterns 416
Use of Alcohol and Other Substances 416
Property Taken and Disposed 416
Motives 417
A Burglar Typology 418
Psychological Impact of Burglary 419
Larceny and Motor Vehicle Theft 420
Motor Vehicle Theft 420
Carjacking 420
Fraud and Identity Theft 421
Shoplifting 422
Who Shoplifts? 424
Motives 426
Shoplifting by Proxy 427
Methods of Shoplifting 428
Types of Shoplifters 428
Kleptomania: Fact or Fiction? 429
Softlifting 430
White-Collar and Occupational Crime 431
Green's Four Categories of Occupational Crime 432
The Prevalence and Incidence of Occupational Crime 433
Corporate Crime 433
Justifications and Neutralizations 435
Individual Occupational Crime 435
Prostitution 437
Motives 440
Sex Trafficking 441
Summary and Conclusions 442
Key Concepts 443
Review Questions 444
Chapter 15 Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of Intimidation 445
Robbery 446
Bank Robbery 447
Commercial Robbery 449
Street Robbery 449
Professional Robbers 450
Motives and Cultural Influences 450
Robbery by Groups 452
Cybercrime 453
Stalking 455
Categories of Stalking 456
Cyberstalking 457
Cyberbullying 458
Hostage-Taking Offenses 459
Instrumental and Expressive Hostage Taking 459
FBI Categories of Hostage Taking 459
Strategies for Dealing with Hostage Takers 460
The Stockholm Syndrome 461
Rules for Hostages to Follow 462
Arson 463
Incidence and Prevalence 463
Developmental Stages of Firesetting 464
Persistent and Repetitive Firesetting Among Adults 466
Motives of Arsonists 466
Juvenile Motives 468
Female Arsonists 468
Behavioral Typology of Firesetters 468
Pyromania 469
Bombings and Explosive Incidents 470
Motives 471
Summary and Conclusions 473
Key Concepts 475
Review Questions 475
Chapter 16 Substance Abuse, Alcohol, and Crime 476
Juvenile Drug Use 477
Extent of Juvenile Drug Use 477
Who Is Selling to Juveniles? 480
Gender Differences in Juvenile Drug Use 480
Six Consistent Research Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 480
The Tripartite Conceptual Model 484
Major Categories of Drugs 485
Tolerance and Dependence 486
The Hallucinogens 487
How Is Marijuana Prepared? 488
Cannabis and Crime 490
Summary 491
Phencyclidine (PCP) 491
PCP and Crime 492
The Stimulants 492
Amphetamines 492
Methamphetamine 492
Cocaine and Its Derivatives 494
Psychological Effects 496
Adverse Physical Effects 496
Stimulants, Cocaine, and Crime 497
Crack Cocaine 498
Crack and Crime 499
Ecstasy (MDMA) 499
Stimulants and Crime 500
Narcotic Drugs 500
Heroin 501
Heroin and Crime 503
Fentanyl 504
Other Narcotic Drugs 504
OxyContin 504
OxyContin and Crime 505
The Club Drugs: Sedative Hypnotic Compounds 505
Ketamine 505
Gamma Hydroxbutyrate (GHB) 506
Rohypnol 507
Alcohol 508
Psychological Effects 510
Alcohol, Crime, and Delinquency 511
Does Substance or Alcohol Abuse Lead Directly to Violence? 512
Inhalants 513
Summary and Conclusions 513
Key Concepts 515
Review Questions 515
Glossary 516
Cases Cited 532
References 533
Author Index 609
Subject Index 636