CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR A PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH NINTH EDITIONPDF电子书下载

Chapter 1 Introduction to Criminal Behavior 1

Theories of Crime 2

Theoretical Perspectives on Human Nature 4

Perspectives in Criminology 6

Sociological Criminology 6

Psychological Criminology 7

Psychiatric Criminology 9

Psychoanalytic Tradition 10

Defining and Measuring Crime 11

Uniform Crime Reporting System 11

UCR Problems 14

The National Incident-Based Reporting System 15

Hate Crimes 17

Self-Report Studies 20

Drug Abuse Self-Report Surveys 21

Victimization Surveys 22

Juvenile Delinquency 24

Recap: Defining Crime and Delinquency 25

Key Concepts 27

Review Questions 27

Chapter 2 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors 28

Social Risk Factors 29

Poverty 29

Peer Rejection and Association with Antisocial Peers 31

Preschool Experiences 33

After-School Care 34

School Failure 35

Parental and Family Risk Factors 35

Single-Parent Households 35

Parental Styles and Practices 36

Parental Monitoring 39

Influence of Siblings 40

Parental Psychopathology 40

Lack of Attachment 40

Psychological Risk Factors 42

Lack of Empathy 42

Cognitive and Language Deficiencies 43

Intelligence and Delinquency 44

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 47

ADHD and Criminal Behavior 48

Conduct Disorder 49

Summary and Conclusions 50

Key Concepts 51

Review Questions 51

Chapter 3 Origins of Crininal Behavior: Biological Factors 52

Genetics and Antisocial Behavior 53

Twin Studies 54

Twin Studies and Criminal Behavior: Recent Research 57

Adoption Studies 58

Psychophysiological Factors 60

Temperament 61

Three Things That Define Temperament 62

Environmental Risk Factors 63

Birth Complications 64

Nicotine, Alcohol, and Drug Exposure 65

Brain Development 65

Neuropsychological Factors 67

Hormones and Neurotransmitters 67

Heredity and the XYY Chromosome 68

Epilepsy and Violence 69

Eysenck's Theory of Personality and Crime 70

Measurement of Eysenck's Theory 71

Extraversion 72

Physiological Bases of Extraversion-lntroversion 73

Neuroticism 75

Neurophysiological Bases of Neuroticism-Stability 75

Psychoticism 77

Crime and Conditionability 77

The Evidence for Eysenck's Theory 80

Summary and Conclusions 82

Key Concepts 84

Review Questions 84

Chapter 4 Origins of Criminal Behavior: Learning and Situational Factors 85

Behaviorism 86

Skinner's Theory of Behavior 87

Social Learning 91

Expectancy Theory 93

Imitational Aspects of Social Learning 93

Differential Association-Reinforcement Theory 94

Frustration-Induced Criminality 96

The Socialized and Individual Offender 97

Frustration-Induced Riots 97

Frustration and Crime 98

Situational Instigators and Regulators of Criminal Behavior 98

Authority as an Instigator of Criminal Behavior 99

Deindividuation 102

Stanford Prison Study 105

Moral Disengagement 106

Deindividuation and Crowd Violence 107

Summary and Conclusions 108

Key Concepts 109

Review Questions 109

Chapter 5 Human Aggression and Violence 110

Defining Aggression 112

Hostile and Instrumental Aggression 112

Interpretation by Victim 113

Theoretical Perspectives on Aggression 114

Psychoanalytical/Psychodynamic Viewpoint 114

Ethological Viewpoints 115

Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis 116

Cognitive-Neoassociation Model 118

Excitation Transfer Theory 118

Displaced Aggression Theory 119

Aggressive Driving and Road Rage 119

Social Learning Factors in Aggression and Violence 121

Modeling 122

Types of Models 122

Observation Modeling 123

Cognitive Models of Aggression 124

Cognitive Scripts Model 124

Hostile Attribution Bias 125

Aggressive Behavior: Simple and Easy to Use 126

Overt and Covert Acts of Aggression 127

Reactive and Proactive Forms of Aggression 128

Gender Differences in Aggression 129

Effects of Media Violence 130

Contagion Effect 133

Summary and Conclusions 134

Key Concepts 136

Review Questions 136

Chapter 6 Juvenile Delinquency 137

Legal Definitions of Delinquency 139

Child Delinquents 139

Social Definitions of Delinquency 140

Psychological Definitions 140

The Nature and Extent of Juvenile Offending 140

Status Offenses 142

The Serious Delinquent 144

Gender Differences in Juvenile Offending 144

A Further Word on Status Offenses 145

Developmental Theories of Delinquency 146

Moffitt's Developmental Theory 147

Coercion Developmental Theory 151

Other Developmental Theories 153

Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment of Juvenile Offending 153

Treatment and Rehabilitation Strategies 153

Characteristics of Successful Programs 153

They Begin Early 154

They Follow Developmental Principles 154

They Focus on Multiple Settings and Systems 155

They Acknowledge and Respect Cultural Backgrounds 155

They Focus on the Family First 156

Classification of Prevention and Intervention Programs 156

Primary Prevention 158

The Enchancement and Development of Resilience 158

Selective Prevention 160

The Fast Track Experiment 160

Treatment Approaches 161

Traditional Residential Treatment 163

Nontraditional Residential Treatment 164

Community Treatment: MST with SeriousOffenders 166

Summary and Conclusions 168

Key Concepts 169

Review Questions 170

Chapter 7 Criminal Psychopathy 171

What is a Psychopath? 171

An Example of a Psychopath 172

Behavioral Descriptions 174

Charming and Verbally Fluent 174

Psychological Testing Differences 175

Psychopaths and Mental Disorders 175

Do Psychopaths Ever Commit Suicide? 176

Other Principal Traits 176

The Criminal Psychopath 178

Prevalence of Criminal Psychopathy 178

Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths 179

Psychological Measures of Psychopathy 180

Core Factors of Psychopathy 181

Recidivism 183

The Female Psychopath 183

Racial/Ethnic Differences 184

Juvenile Psychopathy 185

Can Juvenile Psychopathy be Identified? 186

Ethical Considerations 186

Psychopathic Traits in Juvenile Delinquents 187

Measures of Juvenile Psychopathy 188

Biological Factors and Psychopathy 188

Genetic Factors 189

Neurophysiology and Psychopathy 189

Central Nervous System Differences 190

Hemisphere Asymmetry and Deficiency 190

Frontal Neuropsychological Studies 191

Amygdala Dysfunction 192

Stimulation Seeking 192

Optimal Arousal of the Cerebral Cortex 193

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Research 196

Autonomic Nervous System Research 197

Childhood of the Psychopath 200

Treatment of Psychopaths 201

Treatment of Children and Adolescents with Psychopathic Features 203

Summary and Conclusions 204

Key Concepts 206

Review Questions 206

Chapter 8 Crime and Mental Disorders 207

Defining Mental Illness 209

The DSM-IV 210

Schizophrenic Disorders 211

Delusional Disorders 212

Depressive Disorders 213

Antisocial Personality Disorder 213

Competency and Criminal Responsibility 215

Incompetency to Stand Trial 215

Criminal Responsibility 218

Insanity Standards 221

The M'Naghten Rule 221

The Brawner Rule and the American Law Institute Rule 222

The Durham Rule: The Product Test 223

The Insanity Defense Reform Act 223

Guilty but Mentally Ill 225

Unique Defenses 225

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 225

Pathological Gamblers' Syndrome 227

Dissociative Identity Disorder 228

Amnesia 231

Mental Disorder and Violence 231

Research on the Violence of the Mentally Disordered 232

The MacArthur Research Network 234

Police and the Mentally Disordered 234

Mentally Disordered Inmates 235

Diagnoses of Mentally Disordered Inmates 237

Dangerousness and the Assessment of Risk 238

Risk Assessment 238

TheTarasoff Case 239

Predictors of Dangerous Behavior 242

Current Risk Assessment Measures 242

Summary and Conclusions 244

Key Concepts 245

Review Questions 246

Chapter 9 Homicide, Assault, and Family Violence 247

Definitions 249

Criminal Homicide 250

Aggravated Assault 251

Demographic Factors of Homicide 251

Race/Ethnic Origin 251

Gender Differences 252

Age 252

Socioeconomic Class 252

Circumstances 252

Weapons Used in Violence 254

Juvenile Weapon Possession 254

Weapons and Violence 254

Sniper Attacks 255

Psychological Aspects of Homicide 256

General Altercation Homicide 258

Felony Commission Homicides 259

Juvenile Murder 260

Demographics and Psychological Characteristics of Juvenile Murderers 261

The Dynamic Cascade Model 262

Treatment of Juveniles Who Kill 263

Family Violence 264

Prevalence 264

Ethnic/Minority Differences 265

Victims 265

Brief History of the Modern Era of Family Violence 266

Incidence, Prevalence, and Demographics of Child Abuse and Neglect 268

Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children 269

Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy 270

Shaken Baby Syndrome 271

Infanticide 271

Neonaticide 272

Filicide 273

Partner and Other Family Abuse 275

Intimate Partner Abuse: Prevalence, Incidence, and Nature 275

Same-Sex Domestic Violence 276

Psychological and Demographic Characteristics of Abusers 276

Elderly Abuse: Prevalence, Incidence, and Nature 278

Sibling-to-Sibling Violence 280

Child-to-Parent Violence 280

Multiassaultive Families 282

The Cycle of Violence 282

The Effects of Family Violence on Children 283

The Nature and Theory of Family Violence 285

Cessation of Family Violence 286

Summary and Conclusions 288

Key Concepts 288

Review Questions 289

Chapter 10 Multiple Murder, School, and Workplace Violence 290

Investigative Psychology 290

Crime Scene Investigative Methods 291

Profiling 294

Criminal Profiling 295

Research on Criminal Profiling 297

Geographical Profiling 298

The Psychological Autopsy 299

Racial Profiling 299

Multiple Murderers 301

Definitions 302

Serial Murderers 303

Psychological Motives and Causes 304

Research on Backgrounds 305

Female Serial Killers 306

The Victimological Perspective in Understanding Serial Killers 306

Geographical Location of Serial Killing 307

Ethnic and Racial Characteristics 307

Juvenile Serial Murderers 308

Typologies of Serial Murderers 308

Mass Murderers 309

Classic Mass Murder 310

A Mass Murder Typology 310

Product Tampering 312

School Violence 313

School Shootings 314

Psychological Characteristics of School Shooters 315

School Bullying 316

Workplace Violence 317

Defining Workplace Violence 317

Examples of Workplace Violence 318

Perpetrators of Workplace Violence 320

Summary and Conclusions 322

Key Concepts 323

Review Questions 324

Chapter 11 Psychology of Terrorism 325

Definitions and Examples 326

Classification of Terrorist Groups 329

ATerrorist Typology 331

Followers and Leaders: Who Joins and Who Leads 332

Why Do They join? 333

Becoming a Terrorist: The Process of Radicalization 334

Fail-Safe Procedures 335

Terrorist Leaders 335

Lone Wolf Terrorists 336

The Psychosocial Context of Terrorism 338

Psychology of Terrorist Motives and Justifications 339

Additional Disengagement Practices 340

Psychological Nature of Terrorism 341

Cognitive Restructuring 341

Moral Development 343

Summary and Conclusions 346

Key Concepts 346

Review Questions 347

Chapter 12 Sexual Assault 348

Who Offends? 349

Legislation to Deter Sex Offenders 350

Rape: Definitions and Statistics 353

Date or Acquaintance Rape 354

Incidence and Prevalence of Rape 354

Impact on Victims 356

Psychological Effects on Victims 356

Situational and Victimization Characteristics 357

Rape Offender Characteristics 358

Age 358

Offending History 358

Demographics 359

Assumptions About Why Men Rape 359

Deniers and Admitters 361

Self-Reported Reasons for Sexual Assault 361

Classification of Rape Patterns 362

Massachusetts Treatment Center Classification System 363

The MTC:R3 365

The Groth Typology 368

Etiology or Causes of Rape 369

Attitudes toward Rape 369

Rape Myths 371

Sexual Assault and Pornography 372

The (Non)Mentally Disordered Sex Offender 374

Summary and Conclusion 376

Key Concepts 377

Review Questions 377

Chapter 13 Sexual Assault of Children and Youth and Other Sexual Offenses 378

Incidence and Prevalence of Pedophilia 380

Situational and Victimization Characteristics 381

Types of Sexual Contact 382

Psychological Effects of Child Sexual Victimization 382

Offender Characteristics 383

Gender of the Offender 383

Age 384

Attitudes Toward Victims 384

Cognitive Functions 385

Occupational and Socioeconomic Status 385

Interpersonal and Social Skills 385

Classification of Child Offender Patterns 386

The MTC:CM3 388

The Groth Classification Model 390

Female Sex Offender Typology 391

Juvenile Sex Offenders 393

Female Juvenile Sex Offenders 393

Recidivism of Pedophiles 394

Recidivism of Juvenile Sex Offenders 395

Theories on Potential Causes 395

Exhibitionism 397

Situational Characteristics 398

Offender Characteristics 399

Voyeurism and Fetishism 400

Treatment of Sex Offenders 402

Treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders 405

Summary and Conclusions 406

Key Concepts 407

Review Questions 408

Chapter 14 Property and Public Order Crime 409

Burglary 411

Characteristics of Burglary 411

Who Commits Burglary? 412

Burglary Cues and Selected Targets 413

Burglar Cognitive Processes 413

How Far Do Burglars Travel? 415

Do They Usually Work Alone? 415

Gender Differences in Methods and Patterns 416

Use of Alcohol and Other Substances 416

Property Taken and Disposed 416

Motives 417

A Burglar Typology 418

Psychological Impact of Burglary 419

Larceny and Motor Vehicle Theft 420

Motor Vehicle Theft 420

Carjacking 420

Fraud and Identity Theft 421

Shoplifting 422

Who Shoplifts? 424

Motives 426

Shoplifting by Proxy 427

Methods of Shoplifting 428

Types of Shoplifters 428

Kleptomania: Fact or Fiction? 429

Softlifting 430

White-Collar and Occupational Crime 431

Green's Four Categories of Occupational Crime 432

The Prevalence and Incidence of Occupational Crime 433

Corporate Crime 433

Justifications and Neutralizations 435

Individual Occupational Crime 435

Prostitution 437

Motives 440

Sex Trafficking 441

Summary and Conclusions 442

Key Concepts 443

Review Questions 444

Chapter 15 Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of Intimidation 445

Robbery 446

Bank Robbery 447

Commercial Robbery 449

Street Robbery 449

Professional Robbers 450

Motives and Cultural Influences 450

Robbery by Groups 452

Cybercrime 453

Stalking 455

Categories of Stalking 456

Cyberstalking 457

Cyberbullying 458

Hostage-Taking Offenses 459

Instrumental and Expressive Hostage Taking 459

FBI Categories of Hostage Taking 459

Strategies for Dealing with Hostage Takers 460

The Stockholm Syndrome 461

Rules for Hostages to Follow 462

Arson 463

Incidence and Prevalence 463

Developmental Stages of Firesetting 464

Persistent and Repetitive Firesetting Among Adults 466

Motives of Arsonists 466

Juvenile Motives 468

Female Arsonists 468

Behavioral Typology of Firesetters 468

Pyromania 469

Bombings and Explosive Incidents 470

Motives 471

Summary and Conclusions 473

Key Concepts 475

Review Questions 475

Chapter 16 Substance Abuse, Alcohol, and Crime 476

Juvenile Drug Use 477

Extent of Juvenile Drug Use 477

Who Is Selling to Juveniles? 480

Gender Differences in Juvenile Drug Use 480

Six Consistent Research Findings on Illicit Drug Abuse 480

The Tripartite Conceptual Model 484

Major Categories of Drugs 485

Tolerance and Dependence 486

The Hallucinogens 487

How Is Marijuana Prepared? 488

Cannabis and Crime 490

Summary 491

Phencyclidine (PCP) 491

PCP and Crime 492

The Stimulants 492

Amphetamines 492

Methamphetamine 492

Cocaine and Its Derivatives 494

Psychological Effects 496

Adverse Physical Effects 496

Stimulants, Cocaine, and Crime 497

Crack Cocaine 498

Crack and Crime 499

Ecstasy (MDMA) 499

Stimulants and Crime 500

Narcotic Drugs 500

Heroin 501

Heroin and Crime 503

Fentanyl 504

Other Narcotic Drugs 504

OxyContin 504

OxyContin and Crime 505

The Club Drugs: Sedative Hypnotic Compounds 505

Ketamine 505

Gamma Hydroxbutyrate (GHB) 506

Rohypnol 507

Alcohol 508

Psychological Effects 510

Alcohol, Crime, and Delinquency 511

Does Substance or Alcohol Abuse Lead Directly to Violence? 512

Inhalants 513

Summary and Conclusions 513

Key Concepts 515

Review Questions 515

Glossary 516

Cases Cited 532

References 533

Author Index 609

Subject Index 636