1 Introduction: modernity and criminal justice 1
The European Enlightenment and the rise of the modern age 1
Criminal justice in the pre-modern era 3
Social contract theory and utilitarianism 6
Modern societies 10
Four models of criminal justice development 11
The structure of this book 26
2 Explaining crime and criminal behaviour 29
The rational actor model 29
The predestined actor model 33
The victimised actor model 47
Integrated theories 51
Postscript 56
3 The philosophy of law and legal ethics 58
Analytic jurisprudence 59
Normative jurisprudence 69
Critical legal theory 74
Islamic jurisprudence and Sharia law 77
4 Policing modern society 84
A brief history of the police 85
Policing and social context since the Second World War 95
Policing contemporary society 98
Policing and the four models of criminal justice development 107
5 The legal process in modern society 111
Criminal justice agencies 113
Criminal justice ‘system' or process' 116
The criminal justice process in context 117
Adversarial and inquisitorial criminal justice processes 119
Models of the criminal justice process 121
International law 133
International human rights law 141
6 Punishment in modern society 144
The purpose of punishment 145
Utilitarianism 148
Deterrence 150
Incapacitation 155
Determinism 158
Rehabilitation 159
Retribution 164
Just deserts 165
Reparation 169
Restitution 169
The politics of punishment 170
7 Youth justice in modern society 172
Young people, discipline, control 173
From justice to welfarism 176
Youth justice and populist Conservatism 182
Youth justice and New Labour 187
Reflections on the management of contemporary youth crime 190
Conclusions 192
8 Conclusions: the future of criminal justice 194
Criminal justice in an age of moral uncertainty 198
The schizophrenia of crime 199
Crime as normal and non-pathological 200
New modes ofgovernance 201
Crime and the risk society 202
Loic Wacquant and the government of insecurity 205
Racial inequality and imprisonment in contemporary USA 206
Four peculiar institutions 207
Carceral recruitment and authority 209
Conclusions: living in penal society 211
Notes 215
References 222
Author index 249
Subject index 256