1. INTRODUCTION 1
The Police Profession 1
Criminal Investigation 3
Police Authority 4
Uniform Law 6
Questions for Discussion 9
2. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULE 11
Mapp v. Ohio 11
Scope of the Exclusionary Rule 14
Standing 16
Questions for Discussion 18
Problem Cases 18
3. ARREST 21
The Fourth Amendment 22
Arrest 23
Pendergrast v. United States 25
Ellis v. United States 26
Probable Cause 27
When Is an Person "Arrested"? 30
Arrest on a Warrant 31
Questions for Discussion 34
Problem Cases 35
4. THE USE OF FORCE 39
Deadly Force 40
Questions for Discussion 42
Problem Cases 42
5. STREET INVESTIGATION 46
A Brief Stop (and Frisk) 46
Terry v. Ohio 48
Stop for Identification 51
Brown v. Texas 52
Unlawful Investigative Detention 54
Dunaway v. New York 54
Questions for Discussion 55
Problem Cases 56
6. ROADBLOCKS AND VEHICLE STOPS 62
General Regulation and Investigative Stops 64
Self-Protection 65
Limitations 66
Questions for Discussion 67
Problem Cases 67
7. SEARCH AND SEIZURE: WITHOUT A SEARCH WARRANT 71
Search and Seizure 72
Search Incident to an Arrest 73
United States v. Chadwick 75
The Occupant of an Automobile 76
Automobiles 78
Chambers v. Maroney 78
South Dakota v. Opperman 81
Jailhouse Search 84
United States v. Edwards 84
Hot Pursuit and other Exigent Circumstances 86
Warden v. Hayden 87
Seizure 89
Summary 91
Questions for Discussion 91
Problem Cases 92
8. SEARCH AND SEIZURE: WITH A SEARCH WARRANT 97
The Requirement of a Warrant 97
Probable Cause 101
The Place To Be Searched 101
The Things To Be Seized 103
Scope of the Search 106
Persons on the Premises 106
Ybarra v. Illinois 106
The Conduct of a Search 107
Questions for Discussion 109
Problem Case 110
9. SEARCH AND SEIZURE: WITH CONSENT 111
Real Consent 112
Schneckloth v. Bustamonte 112
An Appropriate Person 115
Consent Applicable to the Search 118
Questions for Discussion 120
Problem Cases 120
10. EAVESDROPPING, WIRETAPPING, AND SECRET SURVEILLANCE 122
General Principles 122
Katz v. United States 123
Further Applications 125
Eavesdropping with the Consent of a Party 126
Undercover Agents 127
Lewis v. United States 127
Occasional Police Agents 128
Entrapment 129
Questions for Discussion 130
Problem Cases 131
11. THE STATION: BOOKING AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS 133
Booking 135
Examinations and Tests 140
Questions for Discussion 142
12. LINEUPS 143
The Fourth and Fifth Amendments 144
After Formal Criminal Proceedings Begin: The Assistance of Counsel 144
United States v. Wade 145
Before Formal Criminal Proceedings Begin: Due Process of Law 148
Kirby v. Illinois 148
Pre-Arrest Identification 150
Photographic Displays 150
Questions for Discussion 152
Problem Cases 153
13. QUESTIONING 159
Voluntary Confessions 160
Spano v. New York 161
The Privilege Against Compulsory Self-Incrimination 166
The Miranda Rules 167
Custodial Interrogation 168
Orozco v. Texas 169
The Conduct of Questioning 171
The Right to Counsel 173
Massiah v. United States 174
Brewer v. Williams 174
United States v. Henry 175
Further Applications of the Privilege Against Compulsory Self-Incrimination 176
Questions for Discussion 178
Problem Cases 178
14. PREPARING FOR PROSECUTION 185
Keeping a Record 187
Appearing as a Witness 188
Questions for Discussion 189
Index 191
About the Author 195