INTRODUCTION 1
Constitutional Limitations on Police Powers 1
The Constitution 2
The Bill of Rights 3
Chapter I Probable Cause 8
Detinition 9
Signiticance 10
Essntial Concepts 10
Checklist of Probable Cause 15
Police Powers 16
Citizen Protections 17
Chapter II INVESTIGATIVE TECHNIQUES 20
When to Investigate 20
Criminal Investigation 20
The Four "l's" 21
Inspections 22
Information 23
Court Tests of Reliability 24
Guidelines for Use of Informants 25
Confidential Informants 26
Interrogation Rules and Procedures 28
The Miranda Rule 28
Interrogation Rules at a Glance 30
The Four Miranda Rules 30
When You Must Give the Miranda Warnings 31
When the Miranda Warnings Do Not Have to Be Given 32
Handwriting Identification 33
Voice Identification 33
Grand Jury 33
Why Confessions Are Suppressed 34
The Waiver 34
Immunity 35
Police Investigative Powers 36
Reasonable Suspicion 36
What Is a Police Stop? 39
What Is a Police Contact? 41
Protective Searches 42
Police Questioning 48
Undercover Agents 48
Electronic Eavesdropping 49
Mail Covers 50
Lie Detector Tests 51
Blood and Alcohol Samples 51
Lineups 51
Use of Informants 52
Evidence from Private Persons 53
Binoculars-Search or Plain View? 53
Dogs-Search or "Plain Smell"? 53
Computerized Crime Banks 54
Police Radio Bulletins 55
Bank Records 55
Chapter III ARREST 56
Arrest Defined 65
Police Arrest Powers 57
Arrest With a Warrant 64
Conclusion 64
Chapter IV SEARCH AND SEIZURE 65
The Search Warrant 65
What You Need to Get a Search Warrant 66
What You Can Search For 67
Where You Can Search 67
What You Can Seize 67
How to Draft Search Warrant Affidavits 68
Executing a Search Warrant 70
Search of the Person 72
Search of Premises 82
Search of Vehicles 84
Consent Search 88
Chapter V THE SUPPRESSION HEARING 92
Prelude to Triumph or Tragedy of Law 92
The Exclusionary Rule 93
The Anatomy of a Fourth Amendment Suppression Hearing 94
The Suppression Battleground 97
The Anatomy of a Fifth Amendment Suppression Hearing 103
The Police Officer as a Witness at the Suppression Hearing 105
COMMENTARIES ON SUPREME COURT DECISIONS 109
Chapter VI CASES INVOLVING THE FOURTH AMENDMENT 110
The Right to Privacy 110
Search and Seizure 115
Coolidge v. New Hampshire 115
Search Warrants 122
Aguilar v. State of Texas 122
United States v. Ventresca 124
William Spinelli v. United States 129
Jerome Franks v. State of Delaware 134
Appendix A (States permitting veracity challenges) 139
Third Party Searches 141
James Zurcher v. The Stanford Daily 141
Open-Ended Search Warrant 144
Lo-Ji Sales, Inc., v. State of New York 144
Informants 150
James R. Hoffa v. United States 150
The Informer Privilege 156
George McCray v. State of Illinois 156
Informant Tips 161
Frederick E. Adams v. Robert Williams 161
United States v. Roosevelt Harris 165
Whiteley v. Warden, Wyoming State Penitentiary 166
Undercover Agents 169
Jack M. Weatherford v. Brett Allen Bursey 169
Police Commands 173
Stephen R. Wainwright v. City of New Orleans 173
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Harry Mimms 179
The Frisk 181
John W. Terry v. State of Ohio 181
Two Variations on the Theme 187
Nelson Sibron v. State of New 'Cork 187
John Francis Peters v. State of New York 189
Inspections 191
Roland Camara v. City and County of San Francisco 191
Entry 196
Sabbath v. United States 196
Objects in Plain View 201
James H. Harris v. United States 201
Warrantless House Searches 202
Vale v. Louisiana 202
Non-emergency Arrest Without a Warrant in a Home 206
Commonwealth v Williams 206
People of New York v. Payton 210
Exigent Circumstances 212
State of Michigan v. Loren Tyler and Robert Tompkins 212
Warrantless Search of a Murder Scene 215
Rufus Junior Mincey v. State of Arizona 215
Police Emergencies 221
Warden, Maryland Penitentiary v. Bennie Joe Hayden 221
Hot Pursuit Arrest 225
United States v. Dominga Santana and William Alejandro 225
Third Party Consent to Search Evidence at a Suppression Hearing 229
United States v. William Earl Matlock 229
Scope of a Search Incident to Arrest 234
Ted Steven Chimel v. State of California 234
United States v. Joseph A. Chadwick 237
Warrantless Arrest in a Public Place 240
United States v. Henry Ogle Watson 240
Searching Cars 245
Frank Chambers v. James F. Maroney 245
Traffic Arrest Searches 250
United States v. Willie Robinson, Jr. 250
Exterior Search of an Automobile. 256
Harold J, Cardwell v. Arthur Ben Lewis 256
Routine Inventory Search of an Automobile 260
South Dakota v. Donald Opperman 260
Roving-Patrol Car Stops 263
United States v, Felix Humberto Brignoni-Ponce 263
Stopping Cars at a Roadblock 270
United States v. Amado Martinez-Fuerte 270
Rodolfo Sifuentes v. United States 270
Random Stopping of Cars 274
State of Delaware v. William J, Prouse, III 274
Police Station Search and Seizure 279
United States v. Eugene H, Edwards and William T. Livesav 279
Compulsory Blood Samples 283
Armando Schmerber v, State of California 283
Police Station Seizure of Fingernail Scrapings 287
Hoyt C. Cupp v. Daniel P. Murphy 287
Grand Jury Subpoena for Voice Exemplars 290
United States v. Antonio Dionisio 290
Grand Jury Subpoena to Compel Handwriting Samples 295
United States v. Richard J. Mara 295
Electronic Eavesdropping-Wiretapping 297
Ralph Berger v. State of New York 297
Electronic Surveillance 306
Charles Katz v. United States 306
Third-Party Walking Bug 313
United States v. White 313
The Use of "Wired" Agents 318
United States v. AIfredo L. Caceres 318
Use df Pen Registers in Criminal Investigations 323
Michael Lee Smith v. State of Maryland 323
Covert Entry to Plant a Bug 328
Lawrence Dalia v. United States 328
Nighttime Searches 333
Gooding v. United States 333
Prison Searches 337
Griffin B. Bell v; Louis Wolfish 337
Seizure of Incriminating Evidence by Private Citizens 341
Burdeau v, McDowell 341
The Suppression Rule 346
Mapp v. State of Ohio 346
Defendant's Testimony at a Suppression Hearing 348
Thomas Earl Simmons v. United States 348
Fourth Amendment Right to Suppress-A Personal Right 351
Frank L. Rakas and Lonnie L. King v. State of Illinois 351
Federal Review of State Court Decisions in Fourth Amendment Cases 356
W. T. Stone, Warden v. Lloyd Charles Powell 356
Charles L. Wolff, Jr., Warden v. David L. Rice 356
Grand Jury Investigations 359
United States v. John P. Calandra 359
Chapter VII CASES INVOLVING THE FIFTH AMENDMENT 367
The Fifth Amendment 369
Custodial Police Interrogation 373
Arthur Culombe v. State of Connecticut 373
Emesto A. Miranda v. State of Arizona 377
Incomplete Miranda Warnings 388
State of Michigan v. Thomas W. Tucker 388
Sixth Amendment Protections After Arraignment 394
Lou V. Brewer, Warden v. Rpbert Anthony Williams 394
Miranda-Cutting Off and Later Resuming Interrogation 397
State of Michigan v. Richard Bert Mosley 397
Use of Inadmissible Evidence to Impeach a Defendant 403
State of Oregon v. William Robert Hass 403
The Hazards of "Inviting" a Suspect to the Police Station 407
Irving Jerome' Dunaway v, State of New York 407
Non-Custodial Interrogation 413
Alvin A. Beckwith, Jr. v. United States 413
The Right to Counsel 419
Escobedo v. State of Illinois 421
Implied Waiver of Miranda Rights 421
State of North Carolina v. Willie Thomas Butler 426
Use of Immunized Testimony for Impeachment 426
State of New Jersey v. Joseph S. Portash 430
Use of an Accused's Silence at Time of Arrest for Impeachment 430
Jefferson Doyle v. State of Ohio 430
Richard Wood v. State of Ohio 436
The Fifth Amendment and Tax Returns 436
Roy D. Garner v. United States 441
Self-Incrimination of Police 441
Edward J, Garrity v. State of New Jersey 443
Interrogation of Juveniles 443
Kenneth F. Fare v. Michael 443
Chapter VIII CASES INVOLVING THE SIXTH AMENDMENT 450
Right to Counsel 450
Gideon v. Wainwright 450
When Does an Accused Have the Right to Counsel? 453
The Line-Up 454
United States v. Billy Joe Wade 457
Photo identification 457
United States v. Charles J. Ash, Jr 463
John R. Manson, Commissioner v. Nowell A. Braithwaite 463
Interlocking Confessions and the Bruton Rule 468
Harry Parker v. James Randolph 471
Chapter IX OTHER SIGNIFICANT CASES 476
Suppression of Evidence by the Prosecution 476
Brady v. State of Maryland 476
Juvenile Court Proceedings 479
In re Gault 479
Civil Liability of Law Enforcement Officers 486
Webster Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents ofFederal Bureau of Narcotics 486
Entrapment 491
Z. T, Osborn, Jr. v. United States 491
United States v. Richard Russell 491
Charles Hampton v. United States 504
"Fruit of the Poisonous Tree" Doctrine 509
Richard Brown v. State of Illinois 509
United States v. Ralph Ceccolini 515
Sixth Amendment's Right to Compulsory Process 519
United States v. Richard M. Nixon. 519
Richard M. Nixon v, United States 519
A Prosecutor's Immunity 525
Paul Kern Imbler v, Richard Pachtman 525
The Fifth Amendment and the Advice of Counsel 529
Michael Anthony Maness v. James R. Meyers 529
Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment 534
Norval Goss v, Dwight Lopez 534
Partnership Records and the Fifth Amendment 538
Isadore H. Bellis v. United States 538
Production of Business Records 543
Peter C. Andresen v. State of Maryland 543
Conspiracy 549
Robert E. lannelli v. United States 549
Search of Luggage Incident to an Arrest 553
State of Arkansas v. Lonnie James Sanders 553
On-The-Street Identification 558
Zackary C. Brown v. State of Texas 558
Good-Faith Arrest 561
State of Michigan v. Gary DeFillippo 561
The Right to Counsel After Indictment 565
Winston Massiah v. United States 565
A Suppression Hearing to Determine Voluntariness of a Confession 569
Nathan Jackson v. Wilfred Denno. Warden 569
Epilogue 575
Appendix A RELEVANT FEDERAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE AND MISCELLANEOUS FEDERAL STATUTES 577
I. Scope, Purpose, and Construction 577
II. Preliminary Proceedings 578
III. Indictment and Information 581
IV. Arraignment and Preparation for Trial 586
Miscellaneous Federal Statutes: 18 United States Code 596
Appendix B RATING SUPREME COURT JUSTICES 605
Appendix C SUPREME COURT DECISIONS INVOLVING THE CRIMINAL PROCESS OVERRULED BY SUBSEQUENT DECISIONS 616
Appendix D INSIDE VIEW OF THE HIGH COURT 623
Appendix E USE OF FORCE BY LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS-GENERAL AXIOMS OF LAW 630
Glossary 633
Index 635