PART Ⅰ INTRODUCING THE FIELD 1
Chapter 1 Humanity and Environment 1
1.1 The Tragedy of the Commons 1
1.2 The Master Equation 5
1.3 The Grand Objectives 8
1.3.1 Linking the Grand Objectives to Environmental Science 9
1.3.2 Targeted Activities of Technological Societies 11
1.3.3 Actions for an Industrialized Society 12
1.4 Addressing the Challenge 14
Further Reading 15
Exercises 15
Chapter 2 The Industrial Ecology Concept 17
2.1 From Contemporaneous Thinking to Forward Thinking 17
2.2 Linking Industrial Activity and Environmental and Social Sciences 20
2.3 Key Questions of Industrial Ecology 21
2.4 An Overview 21
Further Reading 23
Exercises 23
Chapter 3 Technological Change and Evolving Risk 25
3.1 Historical Patterns in Technological Evolution 25
3.2 Approaches to Risk 30
3.3 Risk Assessment 33
3.4 Risk Communication 35
3.5 Risk Management 35
Further Reading 37
Exercises 38
PART Ⅱ THE PHYSICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SOCIETAL FRAMEWORK 39
Chapter 4 The Relevance of Biological Ecology to Technology 39
4.1 Considering the Analogy 39
4.2 Biological and Industrial Organisms 40
4.3 Food Chains: Networks of Nutrient and Energy Transfer 43
4.4 Population Ecology 47
4.5 Classification of Specific Linkages 49
4.6 The Utility of the Ecological Approach 52
Further Reading 54
Exercises 54
Chapter 5 The Status of Resources 55
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Depletion Times and Underabundant Resources 55
5.3 Hitchhiker Resources 57
5.4 Energy Resources 58
5.4.1 Trading Energy for Mineral Resources 58
5.4.2 Energy Sources 58
5.4.3 Energy Resource Status 58
5.5 Energetically Limited Mineral Resources 60
5.6 Geographically Influenced Resource Availability 61
5.7 Environmentally Limited Resources 62
5.8 Cumulative Supply Curves 63
5.9 Water Resources 64
5.10 Summary 65
Further Reading 67
Exercises 67
Chapter 6 Society and Culture 68
6.1 Society, Culture, and Industrial Ecology 68
6.2 Cultural Constructs and Temporal Scales 69
6.3 The Private Firm in a Social Context 72
6.4 Environmentalism, Technology, and Society 72
Further Reading 75
Exercises 76
Chapter 7 Governments, Laws, and Economics 77
7.1 National Governmental Structures and Actions 77
7.2 International Governance Considerations 80
7.3 Industrial Ecology and the Legal System 81
7.3.1 Fundamental Legal Issues 82
7.3.2 Legal Case Studies Relevant to Industrial Ecology 84
7.4 Economics and Industrial Ecology 86
7.4.1 Valuation 86
7.4.2 Discount Rates 87
7.4.3 Benefit-Cost Analysis 87
7.4.4 Green Accounting 88
7.4.5 Substitutability Versus Complementarity 89
7.4.6 Externalities 89
7.5 Finance, Capital, and Investment 90
Further Reading 92
Exercises 92
PART Ⅲ DESIGN FOR ENVIRONMENT 94
Chapter 8 Industrial Product Design and Development 94
8.1 The Product Design Challenge 94
8.2 Conceptual Tools for Product Designers 96
8.2.1 The Pugh Selection Matrix 96
8.2.2 The House of Quality 97
8.3 Design for X 97
8.4 Product Design Teams 99
8.5 The Product Realization Process 101
Further Reading 103
Exercises 104
Chapter 9 Industrial Process Design and Operation 105
9.1 The Process Design Challenge 105
9.2 Pollution Prevention 106
9.3 The Challenge of Water Availability 109
9.4 The Process Life Cycle 111
9.4.1 Resource Provisioning 112
9.4.2 Process Implementation 112
9.4.3 Primary Process Operation 112
9.4.4 Complementary Process Operation 112
9.4.5 Refurbishment, Recycling, Disposal 113
9.5 The Approach to Process Analysis 113
9.5.1 The Process Itself 114
9.5.2 The Process Equipment 114
9.5.3 Complementary Processes 115
9.6 Guidelines for Process Design and Operation 115
9.7 Implications for Corporations 116
Further Reading 116
Exercises 117
Chapter 10 Choosing Materials 118
10.1 Materials Selection Considerations 118
10.2 Materials and Environmental Hazards 119
10.3 Materials Sources and Principal Uses 121
10.3.1 Absolute Abundances 121
10.3.2 Impacts of Materials Extraction and Processing 122
10.3.3 Availability and Suitability of Post-Consumer Recycled Materials 124
10.4 Materials Substitution 126
10.5 Multiparameter Materials Selection 128
10.6 Dematerialization 134
10.7 Material Selection Guidelines 134
Further Reading 136
Exercises 136
Chapter 11 Designing for Energy Efficiency 137
11.1 Energy and Industry 137
11.2 Primary Processing Industries 139
11.3 Intermediate Processing Industries 140
11.4 Analyzing Energy Use 141
11.5 General Approaches to Minimizing Energy Use 144
11.5.1 Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 144
11.5.2 Lighting 144
11.5.3 On-Site Energy Generation 144
11.5.4 Energy Housekeeping 145
11.6 Summary 147
Further Reading 147
Exercises 148
Chapter 12 Product Delivery 149
12.1 Introduction 149
12.2 General Packaging Considerations 150
12.3 Solid Residue Considerations 151
12.4 Liquid and Gaseous Emission Considerations 155
12.5 Transportation and Installation 155
12.6 Discussion and Summary 156
Further Reading 157
Exercises 157
Chapter 13 Environmental Interactions During Product Use 158
13.1 Introduction 158
13.2 Solid Residue Generation During Product Use 158
13.3 Liquid Residue Generation During Product Use 159
13.4 Gaseous Residue Generation During Product Use 159
13.5 Energy Consumption During Product Use 160
13.6 Intentionally Dissipative Products 161
13.7 Unintentionally Dissipative Products 162
13.8 Design for Maintainability 162
Further Reading 165
Exercises 165
Chapter 14 Design for End of Life 166
14.1 Introduction 166
14.2 General End-of-Life Considerations 171
14.3 Remanufacturing 173
14.4 Recycling 173
14.4.1 Metals 173
14.4.2 Plastics 175
14.4.3 Forest Products 176
14.5 Fastening Parts Together 177
14.6 Planning for Recyclability 177
14.6.1 Design for Disassembly 177
14.6.2 Just-in-Case Designs 180
14.6.3 Priorities for Recyclability 180
Further Reading 182
Exercises 182
Chapter 15 An Introduction to Life-Cycle Assessment 183
15.1 The Life Cycle of Industrial Products 183
15.2 The LCA Framework 186
15.3 Goal Setting and Scope Determination 188
15.4 Defining Boundaries 188
15.4.1 Life Stage Boundaries 189
15.4.2 Level of Detail Boundaries 189
15.4.3 The Natural Ecosystem Boundary 190
15.4.4 Boundaries in Space and Time 191
15.4.5 Choosing Boundaries 191
15.5 Approaches to Data Acquisition 191
Further Reading 196
Exercises 196
Chapter 16 The LCA Impact and Interpretation Stages 197
16.1 LCA Impact Analysis 197
16.2 Industrial Prioritization: The IVL/Volvo EPS System 198
16.3 Interpretation Analysis 204
16.3.1 Explicit and Implied Recommendations 204
16.3.2 Prioritization Tables 206
16.4 Prioritization Diagrams 207
16.4.1 The Action-Agent Prioritization Diagram 207
16.4.2 The Life-Stage Prioritization Diagram 209
16.5 Discussion 210
Further Reading 211
Exercises 212
Chapter 17 Streamlining the LCA Process 214
17.1 The Assessment Continuum 214
17.2 Preserving Perspective 215
17.3 The SLCA Matrix 216
17.4 Target Plots 218
17.5 Assessing Generic Automobiles of Yesterday and Today 218
17.6 SLCA Assets and Liabilities 224
17.7 Discussion 226
Further Reading 226
Exercises 227
Chapter 18 Using the Corporate Industrial Ecology Toolbox 228
18.1 Stages and Scales in Industrial Environmental Management 228
18.2 The First Stage: Regulatory Compliance 228
18.3 The Second Stage: Pollution Prevention 229
18.4 The Third Stage: Design for Environment 230
18.5 Environmental Opportunities at the PRP Gates 231
18.6 The Industrial Ecology Mechanic and the Toolbox 234
18.7 Industrial Ecology Tools for the Service Sector 235
Further Reading 236
Exercises 236
PART Ⅳ CORPORATE INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 237
Chapter 19 Managing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation 237
19.1 Overview 237
19.2 Environment as Strategic for the Firm 238
19.3 Implementing Industrial Ecology in the Corporation 239
19.3.1 Environmental Management Systems 240
19.3.2 Tactical Organizational Structures 242
19.3.3 Training Programs 242
19.3.4 Technical Support 242
19.3.5 The Triple Bottom Line 243
Further Reading 244
Exercises 244
Chapter 20 Indicators and Metrics 245
20.1 The Importance of Indicators and Metrics 245
20.2 Metric Systems Development 246
20.3 Industry-Level Metrics 248
20.4 Metrics Displays and Metrics Aggregation 251
20.5 Hierarchical Metrics Systems 252
Further Reading 254
Exercises 254
Chapter 21 Services Technology and Environment 256
21.1 Defining Services 256
21.1.1 Type Alpha Services: The Customer Comes to the Service 258
21.1.2 Type Beta Services: The Service Goes to the Customer 259
21.1.3 Type Gamma Services: Remote Provisioning 259
21.2 The Environmental Dimensions of Services 261
21.3 The Industrial Ecology of Service Firms 263
21.3.1 Leverage Suppliers 263
21.3.2 Educate Customers 264
21.3.3 Facilitate Environmentally Preferable Resource and Product Use Patterns 264
21.3.4 Substitution of Services for Energy and Material Use 265
21.3.5 Services as a Source of Quality of Life 265
Further Reading 266
Exercises 266
PART Ⅴ SYSTEMS-LEVEL INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY 268
Chapter 22 Industrial Ecosystems 268
22.1 The Ecosystems Concept 268
22.2 Industrial Symbiosis 273
22.3 Designing and Developing Symbiotic Industrial Ecosystems 275
22.4 Resource Flow in Industrial Ecosystems 277
22.5 Pattern and Scale in Industrial Ecosystems 279
22.6 The Utility of Mixed Ecological Approaches 281
Further Reading 283
Exercises 283
Chapter 23 Metabolic and Resource Analyses 284
23.1 Budgets and Cycles 284
23.2 Metabolic Analyses in Industrial Ecology 289
23.3 Resource Analyses in Industrial Ecology 291
23.3.1 Elemental Analyses 292
23.3.2 Molecular Analyses 292
23.3.3 Substance Analyses 294
23.3.4 Material Analyses 294
23.4 The Balance Between Natural and Anthropogenic Mobilization of Resources 296
23.5 The Utility of Metabolic and Resource Analyses 297
Further Reading 298
Exercises 298
Chapter 24 Systems Analysis, Models, and Scenario Development 299
24.1 Thinking at the Systems Level 299
24.1.1 The Systems Concept 299
24.1.2 The Automotive Technology System 301
24.2 Models of Technological Systems 305
24.2.1 The Concept of a Model 305
24.2.2 Iron and Steel in the U. K.: A Model Example 306
24.2.3 Model Validation 306
24.3 Describing Possible Futures 308
24.3.1 The Utility of Scenarios 308
24.3.2 The IMAGE Model for Climate Change 309
24.3.3 IPCC 2000 Scenarios 311
24.4 Developing a Predictive Industrial Ecology 313
Further Reading 314
Exercises 315
Chapter 25 Earth Systems Engineering and Management 316
25.1 Introducing the Concept 316
25.2 Examples of ESEM, Implemented and Proposed 317
25.2.1 Brownfields Restoration 317
25.2.2 Dredging the Waters 318
25.2.3 Restoring Regional-Scale Wetlands 318
25.2.4 Combating Global Warming 318
25.3 The Principles of ESEM 323
25.3.1 Theoretical Principles of ESEM 323
25.3.2 Governance Principles of ESEM 323
25.3.3 Design and Engineering Principles of ESEM 324
25.4 Facing the ESEM Question 324
Further Reading 326
Exercises 327
Chapter 26 The Future of Industrial Ecology 328
26.1 Industrial Ecology in the Midst of Change 328
26.2 The Industrial Ecology Hardware Store 329
26.2.1 Tools for the Product and Process Designer 330
26.2.2 Tools for the Corporate Manager 330
26.2.3 Tools for the Service Provider 330
26.2.4 Tools for the Systematist 331
26.2.5 Tools for the Policy Maker 331
26.3 Industrial Ecology as an Evolving Science 331
26.4 An Industrial Ecology Research Roadmap 335
26.4.1 Theoretical Industrial Ecology Goals 336
26.4.2 Experimental Industrial Ecology Goals 336
26.4.3 Applied Industrial Ecology Goals 337
26.5 Redefining the Challenge 338
Further Reading 338
Appendix A Electronic Solder Alternatives: A Detailed Case Study 339
Appendix B Units of Measurement in Industrial Ecology 349
Glossary 351
Index 357