ITHE CONSTITUTION AND THE RIGHTS OF AMERICANS 1
The Living Constitution 3
The Amendment Process 7
The Supreme Court and the Amendment Process 9
1. APPROACHES TO SUPREME COURT DECISION MAKING 13
Legally Relevant Approaches 13
Extralegal Approaches 24
READINGS 41
2. INCORPORATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS 43
Must States Abide by the Bill of Rights? Initial Responses 43
Barton v. Baltimore (1833) 44
Incorporation Through the Fourteenth Amendment: Early Interpretations 46
Hurtado v. California (1884) 48
New Life for Incorporation 52
Twining v. New Jersey (19o8) 53
Incorporation in the Wake of Twining 55
Palko v. Connecticut (1937) 56
In the Aftermath of Palko: Incorporation and the Warren Court 58
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968) 60
READINGS 66
II CIVIL LIBERTIES 67
3. RELIGION: EXERCISE AND ESTABLISHMENT 73
Defining Religion 74
Free Exercise of Religion 78
Cantwell v. Connecticut 0940) 80
Sherbert v. Verner (1963) 88
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) 93
Goldman v. Weinberger 0986) 99
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (199o) 107
Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah (1993) 116
Religious Establishment 126
Everson v. Board of Education (1947) 131
Lemon v. Kurtzman; Earley v. DiCenso (1971) 143
Lamb's Chapd v. Center Moriches Union Free SchoolDistrict (1993) 159
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987) 164
County of Allegheny v. ACLU (1989) 171
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp (1963) 179
Wallace v. Jaffree 1985) 185
Lee v. Weisman 1992) 192
READINGS 202
4. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ASSEMBLY, AND ASSOCIATION 203
The Development of Legal Standards: The Emergence of Law in Times of Crisis 204
Schenck v. United States (1919) 208
Abrams v. United States (1919) 210
Gitlow v. New York (1925) 215
Dennis v. United States 1951) 226
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) 234
Regulating Expression: Content and Contexts 237
United States v. O'Brien (1968) 241
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969) 245
Texas v. Johnson (1989) 250
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942) 256
Edwards v. South Carolina (1963) 259
Adderley v. Florida (1966) 262
Cohen v. California (1971) 267
Madsen v. Women's Health Center, Inc. 1994) 272
R.A. V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota (1992) 280
Wisconsin v. Mitchell1993) 285
West Virginia Board of Education v. Bamette (1943) 289
Bigelow v. Virginia (1975) 294
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona 1977) 298
City of Cincinnati v. Discovery Network, Inc. (1993) 306
READINGS 311
5. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 313
Prior Restraint 314
Near v. Minnesota (1931) 315
New York Times v. United States (1971) 320
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988) 330
Government Control of Press Content 334
Simon & Schuster, Inc. v. Members of the New York State Crime Victims Board 1991) 335
Miami Herald v. Tornillo (1974) 338
Red Lion Broadcasting v. FCC 1969) 341
The Media and Special Rights 345
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972) 346
READINGS 352
6. THE BOUNDARIES OF FREE EXPRESSION: OBSCENITY AND LIBEL 353
Obscenity 353
Roth v. United States (1957) 356
Miller v. California 1973) 362
New York v. Ferber (1982) 368
Libel 378
New York Times v. Sullivan 1964) 379
rtz v. Welch 1974) 390
Hustler Magazine v. Falwel1988) 395
Masson v. New Yorker Magazine 1991) 399
READINGS 404
THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY 405
The Right to Privacy: Foundations 406
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) 409
Private Activities and the Application of Griswold 415
Stanley v. Georgia 1969) 416
Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) 417
Crazan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (199o) 423
Reproductive Freedom and the Right to Privacy: Abortion 431
Roe v. Wade (1973) 433
Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (1983) 451
Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989) 463
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) 471
READINGS 484
III THE RIGHTS OF THE CRIMINALLY ACCUSED 485
8. INVESTIGATIONS AND EVIDENCE 493
The Fourth Amendment: Historical Notes 494
The Supreme Court and the Fourth Amendment 495
Illinois v. Gates (1983) 496
Katz v. United States (1967) 502
Chimd v. California (1969) 507
Cupp v. Murphy (1973) 513
National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab (1989) 516
Terry v. Ohio (1968) 522
United States v. Ross (1982) 529
Enforcing the Fourth Amendment:The Exclusionary Rule 536
Mapp v. Ohio (1961) 538
United States v. Leon (1984) 547
The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination 554
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) 556
Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 558
Berkemer v. McCarty (1984) 569
Rhode Island v. Innis (198o) 573
READINGS 580
9. ATTORNEYS, TRIALS, AND PUNISHMENTS 581
The Right to Counsel 581
Powell v. Alabama (1932) 582
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) 585
The Pretrial Period and the Right to Bail 591
United States v. Salerno (1987) 591
The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trials 595
Batson v. Kentucky (1986) 598
Sheppard v. Maxwell(1966) 606
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (198o) 612
Trial Proceedings 615
Maryland v. Craig (1990) 616
Final Trial Stage: An Overview of Sentencing 619
The Eighth Amendment 621
Gregg v. Georgia (1976) 623
McCleskey v. Kemp (1987) 634
Post-Trial Stages 641
Ashe v. Swenson (197o) 642
READINGS 644
IV CIVIL RIGHTS 645
10. DISCRIMINATION 57
Racial Discrimination 657
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 658
Sweatt v. Painter (195o) 665
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) 669
Loving v. Virginia (1967) 672
Palmore v. Sidoti (1984) 674
Washington v. Davis (1976) 676
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) 679
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961) 682
Moose Lodge #1o7 v. lrvis (1972) 685
Sex Discrimination 687
Reedy. Reed (1971) 690
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973) 692
Craig v. Boren (1976) 695
Michad M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County (1981) 700
Rostker v. Goldberg (1981) 703
Orr v. Orr (1979) 705
Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan (1982) 707
Economic Discrimination 712
Shapiro v. Thompson 1969) 712
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973) 725
Alien Discrimination 722
Foley v. Connelie (1978) 722
Plyer v. Doe (1982) 724
Discrimination Remedies 728
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenberg Board of Education (1979 730
United States v. Fordice (1992) 736
Roberts v. United States ]aycees 1984) 742
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) 747
Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Santa Clara County, California (1987) 754
City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989) 759
Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC 1990) 764
Contemporary Developments in Discrimination Law 769
READINGS 773
11. VOTING AND REPRESENTATION 775
Voting Rights 775
Smith v. Allwright (1944) 780
Louisiana v. United States (1965) 783
South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1965) 787
Kramer v. Union Free SchooI District 1969) 790
Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections (1966) 793
Dunn v. Blumstein 1972) 796
Political Representation 798
Baker v. Cart 1962) 802
Wesberry v. Sanders (1964) 804
Reynolds v. Sims 1964) 808
Karcher v. Daggett 1983) 825
Mahan v. Howell (1973) 818
United ]ewish Organizations of Williamsburgh Care)/(1977) 822
Shaw v. Reno 1993) 827
Davis v. Bandemer 1986) 833
READINGS 836
REFERENCE MATERIAL 847
U.S. Presidents 849
Thumbnail Sketch of the Supreme Court's History 851
The Justices 853
Natural Courts 859
The American Legal System 865
The Processing of Cases 866
Supreme Court Calendar 867
Briefing Supreme Court Cases 868
Glossary 870
Subject Index 875
Case Index 892
Illustration Credits 899