Introduction 1
Origins 1
The Colloquium 3
The Underlying Concerns 7
The Knowledge Gap and Its Consequences 8
Three Central Questions 13
The Federalist Number 86: On Relations between the Judiciary and Congress 21
Our Earlier Pronouncements 22
What Has Changed 23
Areas of Estrangement 25
A Call for All Feasible Reconciliation 28
Judges and Legislators in the New Federal System, 1789-1800 31
Formal Separation versus Informal Cooperation 33
Institution versus Individuals 36
Judicial-Congressional Relations 43
Insights from History 52
A Judicious Legislator’s Lexicon to the Federal Judiciary 54
The Federal Judiciary 54
Legislative and Judicial Branch Relations: Problems and Opportunities 77
Conclusion 87
What Judges Ought to Know about Lawmaking in Congress 90
Who Are the Lawmakers? 91
The Work Environment 96
Handling the Legislative Agenda 102
The Character of Congressional Enactments 112
Conclusion 115
Observations of a State Court Judge 117
Distinguishing Characteristics of the States 117
Diverse Judicial Relationships with the Legislature 119
Norms 122
Possible Improvements 125
Judicial-Legislative Relations in England 129
The Lord Chancellor 130
The Judicial Function 134
The Making of Legislation 146
The Drafting of Legislation 155
Conclusions 161
Summary of Proceedings 162
Prudential and Constitutional Concerns 162
Legislative and Judicial Capacity 166
Improvements 176
The Continuing Challenge 180
Ground Rules for Communication 181
Understanding the Legislative Process and Legislative History 183
Mechanisms for Improving Judicial-Congressional Relations 185
Conclusion 189
Contributors 191
Conference Participants 193
Index 195