PART ONE. Foreign Policy: The Nature of the Challenge 1
CHAPTER 1. The Study of Foreign Policy 3
Americans and the World: Linkages and Adaptation 4
"Leaving It to the Experts" and Related Hazards 8
The Analytical Framework 18
CHAPTER 2. The Structure and Process of Foreign Policy in the Computer Age: Imaginary Ideals and Real Requirements 24
The Imaginary Ideal Machine for Making Policy 25
The IIMMP as an Illusory Standard 30
PART TWO. Foreign Policy and the Imperative of Purposeful Adaptation: Landmarks in the American Experience 49
CHAPTER 3. Guiding Assumptions, Images, and Goals: The Early American Foreign Policy Experience 51
Orientation to the World Environment: Generalized Assumptions, Images, and Goals 53
1783-1820s: Origins of a Foreign Policy Tradition 58
The 1890s and the Turn of the Century 67
National Leadership in Transition 77
CHAPTER 4. Adapting to Post-World War II Challenges 82
From Isolationism to Internationalism 83
Challenges of the Postwar World 87
Summary and Conclusions 109
PART THREE. The Foreign Policy Process in a New Era 117
CHAPTER 5. The Modern Quest for Unifying Goals: The Politics of Consensus Building 119
The Sense of Mission: "An American Century" 121
The End of Pax Americana: Restoring Lost Confidence 126
The Idiom of Policy Debate 131
Foreign Policy Subcultures 145
Political Elites and the Foreign Policy Consensus 152
CHAPTER 6. The Presidency and the Bureaucracy 163
The Nature of Presidential Leadership 165
The Bureaucratic Challenge 167
Organizational Growth and Complexity 170
Policy Milieu and Organizational Subculture 174
Recruitment and Promotion of Foreign Policy Personnel 192
Presidential Leadership and Foreign Policy Organization 203
CHAPTER 7. The Structure and Process of Foreign Policy Decision Making 210
Policy Planning 213
Intelligence 223
Communication, Control, and Decision Making 231
Policy Evaluation and Learning 238
CHAPTER 8. The President and Congress in the Formulation of Foreign Policy 250
The President and Congress: Phases in an Evolving Relationship 251
War Powers 263
Treaty Making Powers 269
Power of the Purse 279
Other Congressional Powers 288
Conclusions 289
PART FOUR. Conclusions 297
CHAPTER 9. Meeting the Challenges of the 1980s and 1990s: Purpose and Adaptation 299
The Complex Pattern of Change in the Modern World 302
Foreign Policy for a New Era 316