1 THE AGE OF DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT 1
Columbus and the Discovery of America 1
The Indian and the European 6
The Spanish Decline 7
English Beginnings in America 8
The Settlement of Virginia 9
The Pilgrims of Plymouth Plantation 11
Massachusetts Bay Puritans 12
Other New England Colonies 13
French and Dutch Settlements 14
Maryland and the Carolinas 14
The Middle Colonies 16
The Settlement of Georgia 17
2 THE COLONIAL WORLD 19
An American Civilization 19
The Colonial Family 20
Southern Land and Labor 21
Agriculture in the South 24
Southern Intellectual and Religious Trends 6
Agriculture in the North 28
Northern Manufacturing and Commerce 28
Land and Labor in the North 30
The Impact of Puritanism 32
The Great Awakening 34
The Impact of the Enlightenment 36
Social Mobility 37
Sectional Conflicts 38
3 AMERICA AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE 41
The British Colonial System 41
The Theory of Mercantilism 43
The Navigation Acts 43
The Effects of Mercantilism 45
Early Colonial Wars 46
The Great War for the Empire 47
Postwar Problems 50
Tightening Imperial Controls 51
Beginnings of the Great Debate 52
The Stamp Act Crisis 54
The Declaratory Act 56
The Townshend Acts 56
The Tea Act Crisis 57
Colonies in Revolt 58
4 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 62
"The Shot Heard Round the World" 62
The Second Continental Congress 63
The Great Declaration 64
1776: The Balance of Forces 66
Forming State Governments 68
Social Reform 69
Financing the Revolution 71
Saratoga and the French Alliance 71
The War in the South 74
Victory at Yorktown 74
The Articles of Confederation 75
The Peace of Paris 75
Growth of American Nationalism 77
The Great Land Ordinances 78
National Heroes 79
A National Culture 80
5 NATIONALISM TRIUMPHANT 82
Western Tensions 82
Foreign Trade 83
Inflation and Deflation 84
Drafting the Constitution 85
The Philadelphia Convention 86
The Settlement 86
Ratification of the Constitution 89
Washington as President 90
The Bill of Rights 91
Hamilton and Financial Reform 92
Foreign Problems 94
Jay's Treaty 96
Federalism Victorious 96
6 JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY 98
Thomas Jefferson: Political Theorist 98
Federalists and Republicans 99
Washington's Farewell 100
Election of 1796 101
The XYZ Affair 101
Alien and Sedition Acts 102
Election of 1800 103
The Federalist Contribution 104
Jefferson as President 104
Attack on the Judiciary 105
The Barbary Pirates 106
The Louisiana Purchase 107
Federalism Discredited 108
Lewis and Clark 108
Jeffersonian Democracy 110
7 AMERICA ESCAPES FROM EUROPE 113
John Randolph of Roanoke 113
The Burr Conspiracy 14
Napoleon and the British 115
The Impressment Controversy 116
The Embargo Act 116
Madison in Power 118
Tecumseh and the Prophet 118
Depression and Land Hunger 119
Resistance to War 119
The War of 1812 120
Britain Assumes the Offensive 121
The Treaty of Ghent 122
The Hartford Convention 124
The Battle of New Orleans 124
Fruits o~ "Victory" 125
Anglo-American Rapprochement 125
Transcontinental Treaty 126
The Monroe Doctrine 127
8 NEW FORCES IN AMERICAN LIFE 130
The Era of Good Feelings 130
Roots of Economic Growth 132
Birth of the Factory 132
Nonfactory Production 133
Corporations 134
Industrial Labor 135
Cotton Revolutionizes the South 137
Revival of Slavery 138
Road Building 139
Transportation and the Government 141
Steamboats and the West 141
The Canal Boom 142
Government Aid to Business 144
The Marshall Court 144
9 THE EMERGENCE OF SECTIONALISM 147
Sectional Political Issues 148
Northern Leaders 149
Southern Leaders 151
Western Leaders 151
Northern Social and Cultural Life 153
Religion and Education 155
Society and Culture in the South 155
Western Life 156
The Missouri Compromise 158
The Adams Administration 160
Tariff of Abominations 161
Election of 1828 162
10 THE AGE OF JACKSON 164
Jacksonian Democracy 164
Rise of the Common Man 165
The Spoils System 166
President of All the People 167
Sectional Tensions Continue 167
Jackson and Calhoun 168
Indian Problems 168
The Nullification Crisis 169
The Bank War 170
Jackson's Bank Veto 171
Boom and Bust 172
The Jacksonians 173
Rise of the Whigs 174
Van Buren's Administration 174
Election of 1840 177
11 EXPANSION AND SLAVERY 179
The Tyler Administration 179
Webster-Ashburton Treaty 180
The Texas Question 181
Manifest Destiny 182
California and Oregon 183
Election of 1844 184
Polk as President 185
War with Mexico 186
Northern Mexico and California 187
On to Mexico City 188
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 189
The Aftermath 189
Slavery in the Territories 190
Election of 1848 191
The Compromise of 1850 191
12 AN ERA OF ECONOMIC CHANGE 196
Agriculture in the Old South 196
Slavery as an Economic Institution 197
Slavery as a Social Institution 198
Psychological Effects of Slavery 199
Manufacturing in the South 200
Industrial Expansion 201
Self-Generated Expansion 202
The New Industrial Society 202
Foreign Commerce 205
Steam Conquers the Atlantic 206
Railroads and Canals 206
Financing the Railroads 207
Railroads and the National Economy 211
Railroads and the Sectional Conflict 212
The Economy on the Eve of Civil War 212
13 THE ROMANTIC AGE 214
The Romantic View of Life 214
Emerson and Thoreau 215
Nathaniel Hawthorne 216
Herman Melville 216
Walt Whitman 217
The Spread of Culture 218
Education and Art 218
An Age of Reform 220
Practical Reformers 223
The Abolitionist Crusade 224
Defense of Slavery 226
Women's Rights 228
14 THE COMING OF THE CIVIL WAR 230
Enforcing the Fugitive Slave Act 230
Uncle Tom's Cabin 231
"Young America" 231
Stephen A. Douglas 232
Kansas-Nebraska Act 233
Bleeding Kansas 234
Charles Sumner 235
Buchanan Tries His Hand 236
The Dred Scott Decision 236
The Lecompton Constitution 237
The Emergence of Lincoln 237
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 239
John Brown's Raid 240
Election of 1860 241
The Secession Crisis 243
15 THE WAR TO SAVE THE UNION 245
The Lincoln Administration 245
Fort Sumter 245
The Blue and the Gray 246
The Test of Battle 248
Behind the Union Lines 248
The Confederate War Effort 250
War in the West: Shiloh 252
McClellan Versus Lee 252
Lee Counterattacks 253
The Emancipation Proclamation 255
Antietam to Gettysburg 256
Vicksburg: Lincoln Finds a General 257
Economic Effects, North and South 258
Grant, Sherman, and Victory 260
Costs and Prospects 261
16 RECONSTRUCTION AND THE SOUTH 263
Presidential Reconstruction 263
Republican Radicals 265
The Fourteenth Amendment 266
The Reconstruction Acts 267
Congress Versus the President 267
The Fifteenth Amendment 268
"Black Republican" Reconstruction 269
Southern Economic Problems 270
The White Counterrevolution 272
Grant as President 274
The Disputed Election of 1876 274
The Compromise of 1877 276
17 AN AGE OF EXPLOITATION 278
"Root, Hog, or Die" 278
The Plains Indians 279
Indian Wars 280
Destruction of Tribal Life 281
Victims of Prejudice 283
Exploiting Mineral Wealth in the West 286
The Land Bonanza 287
Western Railroad Building 289
The Cattle Kingdom 290
Open-Range Ranching 292
18 AN INDUSTRIAL GIANT 295
Industrial Growth: An Overview 295
The Railroad Network 296
Iron, Oil, and Electricity 298
Competition and Monopoly: The Railroads 299
The Steel Industry: Carnegie 301
The Standard Oil Trust 303
Americans React to Big Business 304
Railroad Regulation 306
Sherman Antitrust Act 307
19 THE RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALISM 309
The American Worker 309
Growth of Labor Organizations 310
Labor Unrest 312
The "New" Immigration 313
The Expanding City and its Problems 316
City Government 317
Urban Improvement 319
Religion Responds to Industrialism 320
The Settlement Houses 321
Social Legislation 323
Civilization and Its Discontents 324
20 INTELLECTUAL AND CULTURAL TRENDS 326
Public Education 326
Keeping the People Informed 328
Colleges and Universities 330
Scientific Advances 332
The New Social Sciences 332
Law and History 334
Realism in Literature 334
Mark Twain 335
William Dean Howells 335
Henry James 336
Realism in Art 337
The Pragmatic Approach 338
21 NATIONAL POLITICS: 1877-1896 341
The American Commonwealth 341
Issues of the Gilded Age 342
Political Strategy and Tactics 344
The Men in the White House 345
Congressional Leaders 348
Agricultural Discontent 349
The Populist Movement 351
Showdown on Silver 353
Election of 1896 355
22 FROM ISOLATION TO EMPIRE 359
America's Divided View of the World 359
The Course of Empire 360
Cuba and the War with Spain 363
Developing a Colonial Policy 366
Cuba and the Caribbean 368
The Open Door Policy 370
Caribbean Diplomacy 371
"Noncolonial Imperial Expansion" 373
23 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 375
Roots of Progressivism 375
The Muckrakers 377
The Progressive Mind 377
Reforming the Political System 378
National Political Reforms 379
Social and Economic Reform 380
Theodore Roosevelt 381
Roosevelt and Big Business 383
Roosevelt's Second Term 384
William Howard Taft 386
Breakup of the Republican Party 387
Election of 1912 388
Wilson: The New Freedom 388
The Progressives and the Race Issue 390
24 WOODROW WILSON AND THE GREAT WAR 394
Missionary Diplomacy 39
Outbreak of the Great War 396
Freedom of the Seas 397
Election of 1916 398
The Road to War 399
The Home Front 401
Propaganda and Civil Liberties 403
Wartime Reform 404
"Over There" 405
Preparing for Peace 406
The Paris Peace Conference 408
The Senate and the League of Nations 409
25 THE TWENTIES: THE AFTERMATH OF THE GREAT WAR 412
Demobilization 412
Radicalism and Xenophobia 412
Urban-Rural Conflict 415
Prohibition: The Noble Experiment 416
The Ku Klux Klan 418
The Disillusioned 419
Literary Trends 420
The "New Negro" 421
The Era of "Normalcy" 423
The Harding Scandals 425
Coolidge Prosperity 426
Henry Ford 427
Economic Problems 428
Election of 1928 430
26 THE GREAT DEPRESSION: 1929-1939 432
Hoover and the Depression 432
The Economy Sounds the Depths 435
Franklin D. Roosevelt 436
The Hundred Days 438
The New Deal Spirit 440
The Unemployed 441
The Extremists 441
The Second New Deal 443
Election of 1936 444
Roosevelt and the Supreme Court 445
The End of the New Deal 446
Significance of the New Deal 447
27 ISOLATIONISM AND WAR: 1921-1945 450
Peace Without a Sword 450
The Good Neighbor Policy 452
The Fascist Challenge 453
American Isolationism 455
The Road to Pearl Harbor 457
Mobilizing the Home Front 461
The War in Europe 464
The War in the Pacific 465
28 FOREIGN AFFAIRS: 1942-1964 471
Wartime Diplomacy 471
Developing Conflicts 472
The Containment Policy 475
Containing Communism in Asia 477
The Communist Issue at Home: McCarthyism 479
John Foster Dulles 481
The "New Look" in Asia 483
Dulles and the Allies: Suez 483
The U-2 Affair 485
Latin American Problems 486
29 THE POSTWAR SCENE: 1945-1964 489
The Political Climate 489
Harry S Truman 490
Dwight D. Eisenhower 491
John Fitzgerald Kennedy 492
Lyndon B. Johnson 493
Other National Leaders 494
Regulating the Economy 496
Industrial Labor 498
The Farm Problem 499
The Politics of Civil Rights 500
30 MODERN AMERICAN SOCIETY 505
American Society in Flux 505
Literature and Art 508
Two Dilemmas 510
Mixed Blessings 511
Movies, Radio, Television 513
Poverty Amid Plenty 516
Race Relations 516
Ethnic Pride 519
Women's Liberation 520
Education: Youth in Revolt 521
The Sexual Revolution 524
31 VIETNAM AND ITS AFTERMATH 527
The War in Vietnam 527
Election of 1968 528
Nixon as President 531
Nixon Triumphant 534
Nixon: Decline and Fall 535
Ford and Carter 540
A Search for Meaning 542
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 545
THE CONSTITUTION 549
PICTURE CREDITS 559
INDEX 561