1 INTRODUCTION 1
Identification and Individualization of Physical Evidence 8
Collection and Preservation of Physical Evidence 14
2 THE FIRST OFFICER AT THE CRIME SCENE 17
Recording the Time 19
Entering the Scene Proper 20
Protecting the Scene 21
Injured Person on the Scene 22
Dead Person on the Scene 23
Summoning the Coroner 24
Firearms and Ammunition at the Scene 25
What to Do When a Suspect is Found at the Scene 26
What to Do Until the Investigating Personnel Arrive 27
The Continued Protection of the Scene 28
3 THE CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATOR 31
Actual Examination of the Scene 36
4 SPECIALIZED PERSONNEL AT THE CRIME SCENE 45
5 PROCESSING THE CRIME SCENE 53
Plan of Action 54
Note Taking 54
Crime Scene Search 56
Crime Scene Photography 59
Sketching the Crime Scene 65
Collection of Evidence 69
6 ESTABLISHING IDENTITY 73
Fingerprints and Palm Prints 74
Prints of Gloves 96
Prints of Other Coverings 99
Latent Fingerprints on Human Skin 100
Handwriting Examination 101
Identification of Human Remains 106
Identification in Catastrophes 132
7 TRACE EVIDENCE AND MISCELLANEOUSMATERIAL 137
Sources of Trace Evidence 138
Examples of Trace Evidence 144
Objects Left at the Crime Scene 172
8 BLOOD AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE 187
A Word of Caution 188
Searching the Crime Scene 188
Blood Typing 199
Typing Other Body Fluids 204
Other Examinations 205
9 IMPRESSION EVIDENCE 209
Footprints 210
Marks of Clothes and of Parts of the Body 229
Tooth Marks 230
Tool Marks 236
Fragments of Tools 247
Typed Documents 249
10 FIREARMS EXAMINATION 251
Characteristics of Firearms 252
Firearms Evidence 256
Gunshot Residue Analysis 264
Collecting the Firearms Evidence 269
11 ARSON AND EXPLOSIVES EVIDENCE 297
Arson 298
Explosives 304
Bomb Scene Investigation 314
12 ILLICIT DRUGS AND TOXICOLOGY 321
Psychoactive Drugs 322
Crime Scene Search 328
Clandestine Laboratories 331
Collection and Preservation of Evidence 337
Toxicology 338
13 SEXUAL ASSAULT INVESTIGATIONS 341
Rape 342
Other Sexual Assaults 352
14 BURGLARY INVESTIGATION 355
Points of Entry 356
Simulated Burglaries 362
Detailed Examination of the Scene 363
Burglaries of Safes 368
15 MOTOR VEHICLE INVESTIGATION 381
Vehicle Theft 382
Abandoned Vehicles 385
Homicide in a Vehicle 387
Hit-and-Run Investigation 388
Marks from Vehicles 398
16 HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION 403
Murder, Suicide, or Accident? 405
Cause of Death 405
Examination of a Dead Body at the Crime Scene 411
Detailed Examination of the Scene of the Crime 416
Investigation of the Discovery of a Greatly Altered Body or Skeleton 424
Estimating the Time of Death 436
The Autopsy 446
Injuries from External Mechanical Violence 447
Modes of Death 463
Rape-Homicide, Sexual Murders, and Other Deaths in Connection with Sexual Perversion 489
Infanticide and Child Abuse 491
Trunk Murder, Dismemberment of the Body 494
Serial Murders 497
APPENDIX: EQUIPMENT FOR THE CRIME SCENEINVESTIGATION 499
BIBLIOGRAPHY 503
INDEX 515