1. NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE 1
What is Jurisprudence? 1
The Relevance of Jurisprudence 2
Acquiring Social Knowledge 5
Normative Character of Law 11
"Ought" and "Is" 11
Form (or Structure) and Content 13
Philosophy of Law? 13
The Need for a Comprehensive Jurisprudence 14
Jurisprudence Today 15
EXTRACTS 19
The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence&J. Austin 19
Some Jobs for Jurisprudence&W.L. Twining 21
Legalism&J. Shklar 24
A Treatise of Human Nature&D. Hume 28
The Poverty of Historicism&K. Popper 28
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions&T.S. Kuhn 30
Seven Theories of Human Society&T. Campbell 36
2. MEANING OF LAW 39
The Nature of Definitions 39
"Naming a Thing" 39
"Essentialism" 40
Analysis of Words or Fact 42
Are Definitions Unnecessary? 42
Ideological Factors 43
Criterion of Validity 44
Law and Regularity 46
Law and Morals 47
Morals as Part of Law 49
Law and Value Judgements 50
EXTRACTS 51
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers&L.L. Fuller 51
International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Word "Law"&G. Williams 64
Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart 65
The Nature of Law&R. Wollheim 67
The Problem about the Nature of Law&J. Raz 69
Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds&P. Soper 80
Evaluation and the Description of Law&J. Finnis 87
Ethics in the Public Domain&J. Raz 88
3. NATURAL LAW 89
What is Natural Law? 90
The Attractions of Natural Law 96
Greek Origins 103
Jus Gentium 104
Medieval Period 105
Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation 107
Grotius and International Law 110
Natural Law and the Social Contract 111
Kant and Human Freedom 118
The Enlightenment 120
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 123
Fuller and the Morality of Law 124
Hart on Natural Law 129
Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law 132
Conclusion 139
EXTRACTS 140
Nicomachean Ethics&Aristotle 140
De Re Publica&Cicero 140
Institutes&Justinian 141
Summa Theologica&Aquinas 142
Leviathan&T. Hobbes 146
Two Treatises of Government&Locke 148
The Social Contract&J.J. Rousseau 150
Man and the State&J. Maritain 154
Natural Rights&M. MacDonald 156
The Morality of Law&L.L. Fuller 157
Natural Law and Natural Rights&J.M. Finnis 171
The First Moral Principle&J. Finnis, J. Boyle, G. Grisez 192
Some Anthropological Considerations Concerning Natural Law&Margaret Mead 196
4. BENTHAM, AUSTIN AND CLASSICAL POSITIVISM 199
Sovereignty and its Origins 199
Bentham and the Utilitarians 200
Bentham's "Of Laws in General" 203
Austin 207
Conclusion 220
EXTRACTS 221
A Fragment on Government&J. Bentham 221
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation&J. Bentham 221
Of Laws in General&J. Bentham 224
The Province of Jurisprudence Determined&J. Austin 242
5. PURE THORY OF LAW 255
Normativism 256
The Pure Science of Law 257
Norms and the Basic Norm 258
Hierarchy of Norms and Law-making Process 260
Sanctions 261
Critique 263
The Basic Norm 264
International Law 270
The Rule of Recognition: A Comparison 271
International Law and Sanctions 273
Law and Fact 274
Non-legal Norms 275
Conclusion 276
EXTRACTS 276
The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen 276
General Theory of Law and State&H. Kelsen 282
Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen 289
The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen 291
The Function of a Constitution&H. Kelsen 302
The Purity of the Pure Theory&J. Raz 308
Continental Normativism and its British Counterpart: How Different are they?&Stanley L. Paulson 318
6. MODERN TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL AND NORMATIVE JURISPRUDENCE 331
Hart's Concept of Law 335
An Outline of Hart's Jurisprudence 336
The "Internal Aspect" of Law 339
The Rule of Recognition 342
Is Law A System of Rules? 346
Raz and Reasons for Action 350
Rights 353
The Nature of Rights 353
Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights 355
The Obligation to Obey the Law 358
The Legal Enforcement of Morality 362
EXTRACTS 367
Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals&H.L.A. Hart 367
Positivism and Fidelity to Law - a Reply to Professor Hart&L.L. Fuller 370
A Defence of Radbruch's Formula&R. Alexy 374
Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart 391
Contemporary Legal Philosophy: the Rediscovery of Practical Reason&N. MacCormick 396
Practical Reason and Norms&J. Raz 409
Authority, Law and Morality&J. Raz 412
Inclusive Legal Positivism&J. Coleman 430
Positivism as Pariah&F. Schauer 441
Hart's Methodological Positivism&S. Perry 451
How Moral Principles Can Enter the Law&M. Kramer 481
A Very British Revolution&Sir Neil MacCormick 497
Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning&W.N. Hohfeld 510
The Ethics of Legalism&N. MacCormick 515
7. THEORIES OF JUSTICE 523
Introduction 523
Rawls and Distributive Justice 523
Nozick: Justice as Entitlement 534
Justice as Rights 540
Feminism as Justice 548
Economic Theories of Law and Justice 557
Corrective Justice 564
EXTRACTS 566
A Theory of Justice&John Rawls 566
Political Liberalism&John Rawls 577
The Law of Peoples&John Rawls 585
Anarchy, State and Utopia&R. Nozick 590
A Trump over Utility&Ronald Dworkin 593
What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources&R. Dworkin 603
Defining Injustice as Domination and Oppression&I.M. Young 614
The Faces of Oppression&I.M. Young 618
Justice as Fairness: For Whom?&S.M. Okin 629
Three Distributive Principles&M. Walzer 639
The Ethical and Political Basis of Wealth Maximization&R. Posner 647
8. SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW 659
Introduction 659
Comte and Sociology 660
Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer 661
Jhering (1818-1892) 662
Max Weber (1864-1920) 662
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) 666
Eugen Ehrlich (1862-1922) 670
Roscoe Pound (1870-1964) 672
Sociological Jurisprudence since Pound 678
Lasswell and McDougal 679
Talcott Parsons 681
Selznick 682
Towards a Sociology of Law 683
Unger and the Development of Modern Law 691
Habermas and the Centrality of Law 693
Critical Empiricism 697
Autopoiesis and Law 700
EXTRACTS 703
Law as Means to an End&R. von Jhering 703
Economy and Society&M. Weber 705
The Division of Labour in Society&E. Durkheim 714
Principles of the Sociology of Law&E. Ehrlich 717
Philosophy of Law&R. Pound 721
Outlines of Jurisprudence&R. Pound 723
Contemporary Juristic Theory&R. Pound 724
The Sociology of Law&P. Selznick 727
Law in Modern Society&R.M. Unger 732
Dichotomy and Contradiction in the Sociology of Law&A. Hunt 737
The Significance of a Concept of Law Not Restricted to State Law&R. Cotterrell 744
Why Must Legal Ideas be Interpreted Sociologically?&R. Cotterell 747
Blinding Insights? The Limits of a Reflexive Sociology of Law&D. Nelken 759
Back to the Future: The Short Happy Life of the Law and Society Movement&D.M. Trubek 766
Critical Traditions in Law and Society Research&S. Silbey ＆ A. Sarat 774
Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System&N. Luhmann 779
A Social Theory of State Law&B. Tamanaha 787
Between Facts and Norms: An Author's Reflections&J. Habermas 794
9. AMERICAN REALISM 799
The "Revolt against Formalism" 799
Mr Justice Holmes 800
The American Legal System 802
The "Realist" Movement in Law 802
Factskeptics and Ruleskeptics 803
Llewellyn on Institutopns and "LawJobs" 805
The Common Law Tradition 806
Scientific and Normative Laws 810
Realism: An Assessment 811
Post Realism 813
Jurimetrics 813
Judicial Behaviouralism 815
Pragmatism in Law 817
Legal Process 819
EXTRACTS 821
The Bad Man Revisited&W. Twining 821
Law and the Modern Mind&J. Frank 827
Some Realism About Realism&K. Llewellyn 830
My Philosophy of Law&K. Llewellyn 834
The Common Law Tradition&K. Llewellyn 840
The Significance of Realism&W. Twining 848
10. THE SCANDINAVIAN REALISTS 855
Axel Hagerstrom (1868-1939) 856
Law as Fact 858
Ross's Theory of Law 860
The "Verifiability" Principle 863
Origin of Law 866
"Reductionism" and Legal Concepts 866
Features of Law 867
Law and Morals 868
Legal Ideology - the Method of Justice v. Social Welfare 869
Scandinavian and American Realism 872
EXTRACTS 872
Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals&Axel Hagerstrom 872
Law as Fact&K. Olivecrona 877
Legal Language and Reality&K. Olivecrona 885
Legal Thinking Revised&A.V. Lundstedt 888
On Law and Justice&A. Ross 890
Directives and Norms&A. Ross 893
Tutu&A. Ross 899
11. HISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE 903
The Romantic Reaction 903
Herder and Hegel 903
The German Historical School 904
F.K. von Savigny (1779-1861) 905
The Volkgeist - Some Problems 906
Legislation and Juristenrecht 907
Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888) 908
Law and Anthropology 910
Dispute Processes 916
Legal Pluralism 919
EXTRACTS 921
System of Modern Roman Law&F.K. von Savigny 921
Ancient Law&Sir Henry Maine 925
The Law of Primitive Man&E.A. Hoebel 928
Judicial Process among the Barotse&M. Gluckman 933
Human Interaction and the Law&L.L. Fuller 936
The Differing Realms of the Law&Paul Bohannan 946
The Rule of Law versus the Order of Custom&S. Diamond 949
12. MARXIST THEORIES OF LAW AND STATE 953
Dialectics, Hegel and Marx 954
Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy 955
The Materialist Conception of History 956
Base and Superstructure 958
The Question of Class 964
Marx and Ideology 965
The State and Law 969
Marx and Justice, Morality and Human Rights 972
The "Withering Away" of the State 977
Other Marxisms 979
Karl Renner 979
Antonio Gramsci 981
The Frankfurt School 982
Pashukanis 982
Marxist Theories of Law and State - a Critique 986
EXTRACTS 990
Philosophy of Right&F.Hegel 990
Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right&K. Marx 991
Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx 992
The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels 993
The Housing Question&F. Engels 994
Karl Marx's Theory of History&G.A. Cohen 995
Can the Base be Distinguished from the Superstructure?&S. Lukes 999
The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels 1004
Preface to The Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx 1005
Capital&K. Marx 1005
The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels 1013
Whigs and Hunters&E.P.Thompson 1013
The Civil War in France&K. Marx 1019
Critique of the Gotha Programme&K. Marx 1020
Anti-Duhring&F. Engels 1021
State and Revolution&V. Lenin 1022
The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions&K. Renner 1023
Law and Marxism&E. Pashukanis 1031
13. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES 1040
Critical Legal Studies and Liberalism's Contradictions 1041
Rules and Reasoning 1046
Critical Legal Studies and Legal Practice 1048
Legal Theory and Social Theory 1051
Conclusion 1055
EXTRACTS 1056
Law and Ideology&R.W. Gordon 1056
New Developments in Legal Theory&R.W. Gordon 1063
The Structure of Blackstone's Commentaries&D. Kennedy 1067
Reification in Legal Reasoning&P. Gabel 1073
Interpretive Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law&M. Kelman 1081
An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine&C. Dalton 1093
The Ideological Content of Legal Education&D. Kennedy 1104
The Spell of Rationalizing Legal Analysis&R.M. Unger 1108
14. FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE 1122
Origins 1122
The Inquiries of Feminist Jurisprudence 1124
Equality and Difference 1127
Women and Ideology 1129
The Public and the Private| 1130
Cultural Pluralism and Women's Rights 1132
Feminist Legal Methods 1134
EXTRACTS 1137
The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence: An essay&A.C. Scales 1137
Feminism and the Limits of Equality&Patricia A. Cain 1149
Jurisprudence and Gender&R. West 1157
Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination&C.A. MacKinnon 1175
Reconstructing Sexual Equality&C.A. Littleton 1184
Feminist Legal Methods&K.T. Bartlett 1197
Breaking Women's Silence in Law: The Dilemma of the Gendered Nature of Legal Reasoning&L.M. Finley 1215
The Feminist Challenge to Conventional Legal Scholarship&N. Lacey 1225
Truth, Justice and the Pursuit(s) of Feminism&J. Conaghan 1238
Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?&Susan Moller Okin 1245
15. POSTMODERNIST JURISPRUDENCE 1253
Postmodernism and Modernism 1253
The Death of the Subject 1253
The "Subject" and the Legal System 1254
A Political Agenda 1257
Postmodern Law: Postmodern State 1259
Semiotics and Legal Theory 1261
EXTRACTS 1264
Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism?&J.F. Lyotard 1264
Postmodern Identity and the Legal Subject&J. Wicke 1271
Normativity and the Politics of Form&P. Schlag 1283
Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence&J.M. Balkin 1292
The Postmodern Transition: Law and Politics&B. de Sousa Santos 1308
"A Weil-Founded Fear of Justice": Law and Ethics in Postmodernity&C. Douzinas and R. Warrington 1316
Postmodern Jurisprudence: The Truth of Propositions of Law&D. Patterson 1325
16. CRITICAL RACE THEORY 1335
Introduction 1335
The Other Movements 1337
EXTRACTS 1339
Race Consciousness: The Thematic Content of Racial Distinctiveness in Critical Race Scholarship&R. D. Barnes 1339
Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography&R. Delgado and J. Stefancic 1342
The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction&A. Harris 1343
The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars&Milner S. Ball 1350
Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Anti-Discrimination Law&Kimberle Crenshaw 1351
Celebrating LatCrit Theory: What Do We Do When the Music Stops?&Kevin R. Johnson 1367
LatCrit as Liberation Theory&Berta Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol 1370
17. THEORIES OF ADJUDICATION 1375
The Nature of Legal Sources 1375
The Institution of Adjudication 1377
Stare Decisis 1380
Why Precedent? 1387
Judges and Discretion 1389
Dworkin and "hard cases" 1391
Dworkin and Discretion 1393
Dworkin and Interpretation 1394
Law as Integrity 1396
One Right Answer? 1398
Integrity and Legitimacy 1399
Right Answers and Wrong Answers 1402
Judge-Made Law 1403
Judicial Reasoning 1406
Statutory Construction 1410
Statutory Construction and Democracy 1419
EXTRACTS 1422
Lectures on Jurisprudence&J. Austin 1422
Problems of the Philosophy of Law&H.L.A. Hart 1423
Taking Rights Seriously&R. Dworkin 1429
Law as Interpretation&R. Dworkin 1439
Law's Empire&R. Dworkin 1447
Nature of the Judicial Process&B. Cardozo 1467
Language and the Law&G. Williams 1470
Gods&J. Wisdom 1473
Formal Justice and the Form of Legal Arguments&D.N. MacCormick 1475
An Introduction to Legal Reasoning&E.H. Levi 1478
Social Policy and Judicial Legislation&R. Sartorius 1481
The Right Answer Thesis&T. Endicott Dworkin 1483
The Arguments Against Legal Principles&L. Alexander and K. Kress 1491
Index of Authors 1505
Index of Subjects 1513