Chapter 1. Introduction 1
Race and Ethnicity 1
Crime Statistics 2
The Colonial Model 3
Tatum's Articulation of the Colonial Model 4
Internal Colonialism 8
The Current Status of the Colonial Model 10
Conclusion 11
References 12
Chapter 2. Great Britain 17
Chapter Overview 17
Early History 17
"New Ethnic Minorities" in Britain 21
Contemporary History 23
Crime and Justice in Britain 33
Ethnic Minorities, Crime, and Justice 36
Ethnic Minorities and Crime: 2000 and Beyond 43
Ethnic Minorities, Prosecution, and Sentencing in Britain 49
Ethnic Minorities, Prisons, Probation, and Parole in Britain 51
Ethnic Minorities, Gender, and Crime 54
Summary and Conclusion 54
References 55
Chapter 3. United States 61
Chapter Overview 61
Early History 61
Racial and Ethnic Groups in America 62
Native Americans 62
Africans in America 63
White Ethnics in America 66
Asians in America 68
Latinos in America 70
Contemporary History 70
Crime and Justice in America 73
Scholarship on Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice 87
Race/Ethnicity and Policing 87
Race/Ethnicity, Courts, and Sentencing 90
Race/Ethnicity and Corrections 94
Summary and Conclusion 95
References 96
Chapter 4. Canada 103
Chapter Overview 103
Early History 103
Contemporary History 108
Canada: A Brief Overview of Socio-Demographics 109
Crime and Justice Statistics 116
Victimization Data 129
Adult and Youth Corrections in Canada 130
Crime and Justice Issues Among the Aboriginal Population and Visible Minorities 137
Emerging Crime and Justice Scholarship on Aboriginal and Visible Minorities 147
Racial Profiling in Canada 153
Final Thoughts About Canadian Research on Race and Crime 155
Summary and Conclusion 155
References 156
Chapter 5. Australia 161
Chapter Overview 161
Early History 161
Contemporary History 165
Overview of Socio-Demographics in Australia 167
Overview of Crime and Justice in Australia 168
Official Crime Data 168
Crime Victimization 172
Aboriginal Justice in Australia 175
National Police Custody Survey 179
Aboriginal Women, Crime, and Justice 186
Aboriginal Youth and Crime 189
Summary and Conclusion 191
References 192
Chapter 6. South Africa 197
Chapter Overview 197
Early History 197
Contemporary History 204
Overview of Socio-Demographics in South Africa 205
Crime and Justice in South Africa 205
Victimization Surveys in South Africa 207
Scholarship on Crime and Justice in South Africa 216
South African Gang Activity 216
Crime and Justice in Post-Apartheid South Africa 218
Organized Crime in South Africa 219
Sexual Violence in South Africa 220
Summary and Conclusion 222
References 222
Chapter 7. Conclusion 225
Opening the Dialogue and Dealing With the "Elephant in the Room" 227
Future Directions for Race, Ethnicity, and Crime Scholarship 229
References 229
Index 233
About the Author 241