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Chapter 1. Introduction 1

Race and Ethnicity 1

Crime Statistics 2

The Colonial Model 3

Tatum's Articulation of the Colonial Model 4

Internal Colonialism 8

The Current Status of the Colonial Model 10

Conclusion 11

References 12

Chapter 2. Great Britain 17

Chapter Overview 17

Early History 17

"New Ethnic Minorities" in Britain 21

Contemporary History 23

Crime and Justice in Britain 33

Ethnic Minorities, Crime, and Justice 36

Ethnic Minorities and Crime: 2000 and Beyond 43

Ethnic Minorities, Prosecution, and Sentencing in Britain 49

Ethnic Minorities, Prisons, Probation, and Parole in Britain 51

Ethnic Minorities, Gender, and Crime 54

Summary and Conclusion 54

References 55

Chapter 3. United States 61

Chapter Overview 61

Early History 61

Racial and Ethnic Groups in America 62

Native Americans 62

Africans in America 63

White Ethnics in America 66

Asians in America 68

Latinos in America 70

Contemporary History 70

Crime and Justice in America 73

Scholarship on Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice 87

Race/Ethnicity and Policing 87

Race/Ethnicity, Courts, and Sentencing 90

Race/Ethnicity and Corrections 94

Summary and Conclusion 95

References 96

Chapter 4. Canada 103

Chapter Overview 103

Early History 103

Contemporary History 108

Canada: A Brief Overview of Socio-Demographics 109

Crime and Justice Statistics 116

Victimization Data 129

Adult and Youth Corrections in Canada 130

Crime and Justice Issues Among the Aboriginal Population and Visible Minorities 137

Emerging Crime and Justice Scholarship on Aboriginal and Visible Minorities 147

Racial Profiling in Canada 153

Final Thoughts About Canadian Research on Race and Crime 155

Summary and Conclusion 155

References 156

Chapter 5. Australia 161

Chapter Overview 161

Early History 161

Contemporary History 165

Overview of Socio-Demographics in Australia 167

Overview of Crime and Justice in Australia 168

Official Crime Data 168

Crime Victimization 172

Aboriginal Justice in Australia 175

National Police Custody Survey 179

Aboriginal Women, Crime, and Justice 186

Aboriginal Youth and Crime 189

Summary and Conclusion 191

References 192

Chapter 6. South Africa 197

Chapter Overview 197

Early History 197

Contemporary History 204

Overview of Socio-Demographics in South Africa 205

Crime and Justice in South Africa 205

Victimization Surveys in South Africa 207

Scholarship on Crime and Justice in South Africa 216

South African Gang Activity 216

Crime and Justice in Post-Apartheid South Africa 218

Organized Crime in South Africa 219

Sexual Violence in South Africa 220

Summary and Conclusion 222

References 222

Chapter 7. Conclusion 225

Opening the Dialogue and Dealing With the "Elephant in the Room" 227

Future Directions for Race, Ethnicity, and Crime Scholarship 229

References 229

Index 233

About the Author 241