Chapter 1 Introduction 2
Definition and Scope of Forensic Science 4
History and Development of Forensic Science 6
Crime Laboratories 14
The Functions of the Forensic Scientist 23
Exploring Forensic Science on the Internet 32
Chapter Review 34
Review Questions 35
Application and Critical Thinking 38
Endnotes 40
Chapter 2 The Crime Scene 42
Physical Evidence and the Crime Scene 44
Preserving and Recording the Crime Scene 45
Dealing with Physical Evidence 52
The Murder Scene: Death and Autopsies 61
Chapter Review 76
Quick Lab: Crime-Scene Sketch 77
Quick Lab: Anthropometric Activity 77
Review Questions 78
Application and Critical Thinking 80
Chapter 3 Physical Evidence 82
Common Types of Physical Evidence 84
The Examination of Physical Evidence 86
The Significance of Physical Evidence 91
Forensic Databases 95
Chapter Review 102
Review Questions 103
Application and Critical Thinking 104
Endnotes 105
Chapter 4 Properties of Matter and the Analysis of Glass 106
Properties of Matter 108
The Nature of Matter 111
Theory of Light 116
Physical Properties of Matter 120
Forensic Analysis of Glass 127
Chapter Review 140
Quick Lab: Glass and Density 141
Review Questions 142
Application and Critical Thinking 144
Endnotes 146
Chapter 5 Drugs 148
Drug Dependence 151
Types of Drugs 155
Drug-Control Laws 170
Forensic Drug Analysis 174
Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence 195
Chapter Review 196
Quick Lab: Chromatography 197
Quick Lab: Drug Screening Test 198
Quick Lab: What Is the White Powder? 199
Review Questions 200
Application and Critical Thinking 202
Endnotes 205
Chapter 6 Forensic Toxicology 206
The Role of Forensic Toxicology 208
Toxicology of Alcohol 209
Testing for Intoxication 215
The Analysis of Blood for Alcohol 225
Alcohol and the Law 227
The Role of the Toxicologist 230
Chapter Review 246
Quick Lab: pH Test 247
Review Questions 248
Application and Critical Thinking 250
Endnotes 252
Chapter 7 The Microscope 254
Basics of the Microscope 256
The Compound Microscope 258
The Comparison Microscope 261
The Stereoscopic Microscope 263
The Polarizing Microscope 265
The Microspectrophotometer 266
The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 269
Chapter Review 276
Quick Lab: Focusing the Microscope 277
Quick Lab: Creating Wet-Mount Slides 278
Review Questions 279
Application and Critical Thinking 281
Chapter 8 Forensic Serology 282
The Nature of Blood 285
Immunoassay Techniques 289
Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains 293
Principles of Heredity 298
Forensic Characterization of Semen 302
Collection of Rape Evidence 306
Chapter Review 314
Quick Lab: Blood Typing 315
Quick Lab: Luminol Test 316
Review Questions 317
Application and Critical Thinking 319
Endnotes 323
Chapter 9 DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool 324
Understanding DNA 326
Replicaiton of DNA 331
DNA Typing with Tandem Repeats 336
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 344
Short Tandem Repeats (STRs) 346
Mitochondrial DNA 353
The Combined DNA Index System (CODIS) 356
Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis 357
Chapter Review 366
Quick Lab: Buccal Swab 368
Review Questions 370
Application and Critical Thinking 370
Endnotes 373
Chapter 10 Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 374
Crime-Scene Reconstruction 376
General Features of Bloodstain Formation 378
Impact Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 383
More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns 387
Other Bloodstain Patterns 392
Chapter Review 402
Quick Lab: Blood Drop Analysis 404
Quick Lab: Blood Spatter Analysis 405
Review Questions 406
Application and Critical Thinking 409
Chapter 11 Trace Evidence Ⅰ: Hairs and Fibers 410
Forensic Examination of Hair 412
Forensic Examination of Fibers 423
Chapter Review 438
Review Questions 439
Application and Critical Thinking 441
Endnotes 443
Chapter 12 Trace Evidence Ⅱ: Metals, Paint, and Soil 444
Forensic Analysis of Metals 446
Forensic Examination of Paint 455
Forensic Analysis of Soil 469
Chapter Review 476
Review Questions 477
Application and Critical Thinking 478
Endnotes 479
Chapter 13 Forensic Aspects of Fire Investigation 480
Forensic Investigation of Arson 482
The Chemistry of Fire 482
Searching the Fire Scene 492
Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence 495
Analysis of Flammable Residues 497
Chapter Review 502
Review Questions 503
Application and Critial Thinking 505
Endnotes 507
Chapter 14 Forensic Investigation of Explosions 508
Explosions and Explosives 510
Collection and Analysis of Evidence of Explosives 518
Chapter Review 528
Review Questions 529
Application and Critical Thinking 530
Endnotes 531
Chapter 14 Fingerprints 532
History of Fingerprinting 534
Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints 537
Classification of Fingerprints 543
Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems 544
Methods of Detecting Fingerprints 548
Preservation of Developed Prints 559
Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement 560
Chapter Review 564
Review Questions 565
Quick Lab: Fingerprinting 566
Application and Critical Thinking 568
Endnotes 571
Chapter 16 Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions 572
Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons 574
Automated Firearms Search Systems 583
Gunpowder Residues 587
Primer Residues on the Hands 591
Serial Number Restoration 597
Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence 598
Tool Marks 600
Other Impressions 603
Chapter Review 616
Review Questions 617
Quick Lab: Toolmarks 618
Application and Critical Thinking 620
Endnotes 621
Chapter 17 Document Examination 622
The Document Examiner 624
Handwriting Comparisons 624
Typescript Comparisons 631
Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations 634
Other Document Problems 641
Chapter Review 646
Review Questions 647
Quick Lab: Handwriting Comparison 648
Application and Critical Thinking 650
Endnotes 651
Chapter 18 Computer Forensics 652
From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work? 655
Putting It All Together 658
Sorting and Retrieving Data 659
Processing the Electronic Crime Scene 662
Analysis of Electronic Data 667
Forensic Analysis of lnternet Data 674
Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications 677
Chapter Review 682
Review Questions 684
Application and Critical Thinking 686
Endnotes 687
Chapter 19 Careers in Forensic Science 689
Disciplines in Forensic Science 690
College Courses in Forensic Science 695
Appendix Guides to the Collection of Physical Evidence—FBI 699
Index 716
Photo Credits 732