Introduction 1
1: Risk Evaluation through the Lens of Administrative Constitutionalism 3
Ⅰ THE SCIENCE/DEMOCRACY DICHOTOMY IN REGULATING TECHNOLOGICALRISK 6
A Technological Risks 7
B The Science/Democracy Dichotomy 11
C The Role of Law 14
D Problems with the Science/Democracy Dichotomy 16
Ⅱ TECHNOLOGICAL RISK, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 18
A The Necessary Role of Public Administration 19
B The Contentious Role of Public Administration, Law and Administrative Constitutionalism 22
Ⅲ TWO PARADIGMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE RISK REGULATION CONTEXT 26
A The Rational-Instrumental Paradigm 28
B The Deliberative Constitutive Paradigm 30
C The Paradigms Compared 32
Ⅳ ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM AS A FORM OF LEGAL CULTURE 35
Ⅴ AN EXAMPLE: THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 39
A The Precautionary Principle 40
B The Precautionary Principle and the DC and RI Paradigms 42
C The Precautionary Principle and the Burden of Proof 44
Ⅵ CONCLUSION 46
Part One: Administrative Constitutionalism in National Legal Cultures 49
Introduction to Administrative Constitutionalism in National Legal Cultures 51
Ⅰ NATURE OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 52
Ⅱ THE ROLE OF LAW 55
Ⅲ THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEGAL CONCEPTS AND THE REGULATORY REGIMES FOR TECHNOLOGICAL RISK REGULATION 57
Ⅳ CONCLUSION 58
2: BSE, Expertise and Administrative Constitutionalism: Examining the Role of the Southwood Working Party 59
Ⅰ THINKING OF BSE IN TERMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 61
Ⅱ TECHNOLOGICAL RISK REGULATION AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM IN THE UK: A BRIEF HISTORY 66
Ⅲ THE ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM CONTEXT OF THE BSE CRISIS 71
Ⅳ THE SOUTHWOOD WORKING PARTY 76
Ⅴ AFTER SOUTHWOOD 84
Ⅵ CONCLUSIONS 87
3: Hard Looks and Substantial Evidence: Scope of Review of US Risk Regulation Rulemaking in the 1970s 89
Ⅰ SCOPE OF REVIEW AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 90
Ⅱ ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM AND RISK REGULATION REGIMES IN THE EARLY 1970s 98
Ⅲ HARD LOOK REVIEW 101
Ⅳ SUBSTANTIAL EVIDENCE AND THE OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT 107
Ⅴ SCOPE OF REVIEW UNDER THE RI PARADIGM 116
Ⅵ REFLECTIONS 121
Ⅶ CONCLUSION 124
4: The Precautionary Principle and Merits Review in Australia 125
Ⅰ AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW AND THE DC PARADIGM OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 127
Ⅱ THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAW 130
Ⅲ GENERALIST TRIBUNALS, ENVIRONMENTAL COURTS, AND MERITS REVIEW 133
Ⅳ DC INTERPRETATIONS OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 140
Ⅴ RI INTERPRETATIONS OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 146
Ⅵ THE SEARCH FOR A UNIFORM INTERPRETATION 154
Ⅶ CONCLUSIONS 160
Part Two: Administrative Constitutionalism and Risk Regulation Beyond the State 163
Introduction to Administrative Constitutionalism and Risk Regulation Beyond the State 165
Ⅰ THIE WTO AND EU: AN OVERVIEW 167
Ⅱ THE ROLE OF LAW 169
Ⅲ GOVERNANCE AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 171
Ⅳ CONCLUSION 172
5: Risk Assessment, The World Trade Organisation Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement and Administrative Constitutionalism 173
Ⅰ THE WTO SPS AGREEMENT 175
Ⅱ THE SPS AGREEMENT THROUGH THE LENS OF ADMINISTRATIVE CONSTITUTIONALISM 180
Ⅲ EC-HORMONES AND THE DEFINITION OF RISK ASSESSMENT 185
Ⅳ DEFINING RISK ASSESSMENT IN DISPUTES SINCE EC-HORMONES: THE INADVERTENT PURSUIT OF THE RI PARADIGM 190
Ⅴ THE PROBLEM WITH THE WTO SPS JURISPRUDENCE ON ARTICLE 5.1 200
Ⅵ FUTURE LINES OF INQUIRY 203
Ⅶ CONCLUSION 206
6: The Precautionary Principle and Administrative Constitutionalism in the European Union: Asking Some Difficult Questions 207
Ⅰ CONTEXTUALISING THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 208
Ⅱ OVERLAPS, INTERRELATIONSHIPS AND ADMINISTRATIVE INTEGRATION 214
Ⅲ THE CASE LAW BEFORE THE COMMISSION’S COMMUNICATION 218
Ⅳ THE COMMISSION’S COMMUNICATION ON THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE 224
Ⅴ CASE- LAW AFTER THE COMMISSION’S COMMUNICATION 229
Ⅵ REFLECTIONS 238
Ⅶ CONCLUSION 241
Conclusions 243
7: Beyond the Science/Democracy Dichotomy 245
Ⅰ A SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS 245
Ⅱ SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS 250
Ⅲ NEXT STEPS 254
Ⅳ CONCLUSION 257
Bibliography 259
Index 283