1. NATURE OF JURISPRUDENCE 1
What is Jurisprudence? 1
The Relevance of Jurisprudence 2
Acquiring Social Knowledge 6
Normative Character of Law 11
"Ought" and "Is" 12
Form (or Structure) and Content 13
Philosophy of Law? 13
The Need for a Comprehensive Jurisprudence 14
EXTRACTS 15
The Uses of the Study of Jurisprudence&J. Austin 15
Some Jobs for Jurisprudence&W.L. Twining 17
Legalism&J. Shklar 20
A Treatise of Human Nature&D. Hume 24
The Poverty of Historic ism&K. Popper 24
The Structure of Scientific Revolution&T.S. Kuhn 27
2. MEANING OF LAW 33
The Nature of Definitions 33
"Naming a Thing" 33
"Essentialism" 34
Analysis of Words or Fact 36
Are Definitions Unnecessary? 36
Ideological Factors 37
Criterion of Validity 38
Law and Regularity 40
Law and Morals 41
Morals as Part of Law 43
Law and Value Judgements 44
EXTRACTS 45
The Case of the Speluncean Explorers&L.L. Fuller 45
International Law and the Controversy Concerning the Word "Law"&G. Williams 58
Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart 59
The Nature of Law&R. Wollheim 61
The Problem about the Nature of Law&J. Raz 63
Choosing a Legal Theory on Moral Grounds&P. Soper 74
Evaluation and the Description of Law&J. Finnis 81
Ethics in the Public Domain&J. Raz 82
3. NATURAL LAW 83
What is Natural Law? 84
The Attractions of Natural Law 90
Greek Origins 97
Jus Gentium 98
Medieval Period 99
Renaissance, Reformation and Counter-Reformation 102
Grotius and International Law 105
Natural Law and the Social Contract 105
Kant and Human Freedom 113
The Enlightenment 114
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries 117
Fuller and the Morality of Law 118
Hart on Natural Law 123
Finnis and the Restatement of Natural Law 126
Murphy and Natural Law 134
Conclusion 136
EXTRACTS 137
Nicomachean Ethics&Aristotle 137
De Re Publica&Cicero 137
Institutes&Justinian 138
Summa Theologica&Aquinas 138
Leviathan&T. Hobbes 143
Two Treatises of Government&Locke 145
The Social Contract&J.J. Rousseau 147
Man and the State&J. Maritain 150
Natural Rights&M. MacDonald 152
The Morality of Law&L.L. Fuller 154
Natural Law and Natural Rights&J.M. Finnis 168
The First Moral Principle&J. Finnis, J. Boyle, G. Grisez 188
Natural Law Jurisprudence&M.C. Murphy 192
Natural Law in Jurisprudence and Politics&M.C. Murphy 208
Some Anthropological Considerations Concerning Natural Law&Margaret Mead 225
How Persuasive is Natural Law Theory?&K. Greenwalt 228
4. BENTHAM, AUSTIN AND CLASSICAL ENGLISH POSITIVISM 247
Sovereignty and its Origins 247
Bentham and the Utilitarians 248
Bentham's "Of Laws in General" 251
Austin 255
Conclusion 268
EXTRACTS 269
A Fragment on Government&J. Bentham 269
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation&J. Bentham 270
Of Laws in General&J. Bentham 273
The Province of Jurisprudence Determined&J. Austin 291
5. THE PURE THEORY OF LAW 305
Normativism 306
The Pure Science of Law 307
Norms and the Basic Norm 308
Hierarchy of Norms and Law-making Process 310
Sanctions 311
Critique 314
The Basic Norm 314
International Law 320
The Rule of Recognition: A Comparison 321
International Law and Sanctions 323
Law and Fact 324
Non-legal Norms 325
Conclusion 326
EXTRACTS 326
The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen 326
General Theory of Law and State&H. Kelsen 332
Professor Stone and the Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen 339
The Pure Theory of Law&H. Kelsen 341
The Function of a Constitution&H. Kelsen 352
The Purity of the Pure Theory&J. Raz 357
6. MODERN TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL JURISPRUDENCE 371
Hart's Concept of Law 375
An Outline of Hart's Jurisprudence 376
The "Internal Aspect" of Law 379
The Rule of Recognition 382
Is Law A System of Rules? 386
Raz and Reasons for Action 391
Rights 393
The Nature of Rights 394
Hohfeld's Analysis of Rights 396
Human Rights 399
The Obligation to Obey the Law 405
The Legal Enforcement of Morality 409
EXTRACTS 414
Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals&H.L A. Hart 414
Positivism and Fidelity to Law—a Reply to Professor Hart&L.L. Fuller 417
Statutory Lawlessness and Supra-Statutory Law&G. Radbruch 421
A Defence of Radbruch's Formula&R. Alexy 426
Definition and Theory in Jurisprudence&H.L.A. Hart 444
Contemporary Legal Philosophy: The Rediscovery of Practical Reason&N. MacCormick 449
Practical Reason and Norms&J. Raz 461
Authority, Law and Morality&J. Raz 465
Law and Obligation&S. Perry 482
Beyond The Separability Thesis: Moral Semantics and the Mythology of Jurisprudence&J.L. Coleman 490
Inclusive Legal Positivism&J. Coleman 498
Hart's Methodological Positivism&S. Perry 510
How Moral Principles Can Enter the Law&M. Kramer 539
A Very British Revolution?&Sir Neil MacCormick 556
Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning&W.N. Hohfeld 569
The Duty To Obey The Law&W. Edmundson 574
7. THEORIES OF JUSTICE 583
Introduction 583
Rawls and Distributive Justice 583
Nozick: Justice as Entitlement 595
Capabilities and the Frontiers of Justice 600
Justice as Rights 603
Feminism as Justice 612
Economic Theories of Law and Justice 620
Global Justice 627
Corrective Justice 629
EXTRACTS 632
A Theory of Justice&J. Rawls 632
Political Liberalism&J. Rawls 643
The Law of Peoples&J. Rawls 650
Anarchy, State and Utopia&R. Nozick 656
A Trump over Utility&R. Dworkin 659
What is Equality? Part 2: Equality of Resources&R. Dworkin 668
Defining Injustice as Domination and Oppression&I.M. Young 680
Justice as Fairness: For Whom?&S.M. Okin 695
The Ethical and Political Basis of Wealth Maximization&R. Posner 705
8. DWORKIN AND INTERPRETIVISM 717
The Critic of Positivism 717
Dworkin and "Hard Cases" 719
Dworkin and Discretion 720
Dworkin and Interpretation 721
Law as Integrity 724
One Right Answer? 727
Integrity and Legitimacy 729
Right Answers and Wrong Answers 732
EXTRACTS 734
Taking Rights Seriously&R. Dworkin 734
Law as Interpretation&R. Dworkin 745
Law's Empire&R. Dworkin 752
Justice In Robes&R. Dworkin 772
Integrity: Justice in Workclothes&G. Postema 786
Integrity and Stare Decisis&S. Hershovitz 810
The Rule of Law as a Theatre of Debate&J. Waldron 815
The Arguments Against Legal Principles&L. Alexander and K. Kress 821
9. SOCIOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE AND THE SOCIOLOGY OF LAW 835
Introduction 835
Comte and Sociology 836
Laissez Faire and Herbert Spencer 837
Jhering (1818-1892) 838
Max Weber (1864-1920) 839
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) 843
Eugen Ehrlich (1862-1922) 847
Roscoe Pound (1870-1964) 849
Sociological Jurisprudence since Pound 854
Talcott Parsons 856
Selznick 857
Towards a Sociology of Law 858
Unger and the Development of Modern Law 865
Habermas and the Centrality of Law 868
Critical Empiricism 872
Bourdieu and Habitus 875
Autopoiesis and Law 877
EXTRACTS 880
Law as Means to an End&R. Von Jhering 880
Economy and Society&M. Weber 881
The Division of Labour in Society&E. Durkheim 890
Principles of the Sociology of Law&E. Ehrlich 894
Philosophy of Law&R. Pound 897
Outlines of Jurisprudence&R. Pound 900
Contemporary Juristic Theory&R. Pound 900
The Sociology of Law&P. Selznick 904
Dichotomy and Contradiction in the Sociology of Law&A. Hunt 909
The Significance of a Concept of Law Not Restricted to State Law&R. Cotterrell 916
Why Must Legal Ideas be Interpreted Sociologically?&R. Cotterrell 919
Blinding Insights? The Limits of a Reflexive Sociology of Law&D. Nelken 929
Back to the Future: The Short Happy Life of the Law and Society Movement&D.M. Trubek 936
Critical Traditions in Law and Society Research&S. Silbey ＆ A. Sarat 944
Operational Closure and Structural Coupling: The Differentiation of the Legal System&N. Luhmann 949
Law and Social Theory&R. Cotterrell 957
Between Facts and Norms: An Author's Reflections&J. Habermas 969
On Pierre Bourdieu's Legal Thought&M.G. Villegas 973
10. AMERICAN REALISM 985
The "Revolt against Formalism" 985
Mr Justice Holmes 986
The American Legal System 988
The "Realist" Movement in Law 988
Fact-skeptics and Rule-skeptics 989
Llewellyn on Institutions and "LawJobs" 990
The Common Law Tradition 992
Scientific and Normative Laws 996
Realism: An Assessment 997
Post Realism 1000
Jurimetrics 1000
Judicial Behaviouralism 1001
Pragmatism in Law 1004
Legal Process 1005
EXTRACTS 107
The Path of the Law&O.W. Holmes 1007
Law and the Modern Mind&J. Frank 1008
Some Realism About Realism&K. Llewellyn 1011
My Philosophy of Law&K. Llewellyn 1015
The Common Law Tradition&K. Llewellyn 1021
The Significance of Realism&W. Twining 1029
11. THE SCANDINAVIAN REALISTS 1035
Axel Hagerstrom (1868-1939) 1036
Law as Fact 1038
Ross's Theory of Law 1040
The "Verinability" Principle 1043
Origin of Law 1045
"Reductionism" and Legal Concepts 1046
Features of Law 1047
Law and Morals 1048
Legal Ideology—the Method of Justice v. Social Welfare 1049
EXTRACTS 1052
Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals&Axel Hagerstrom 1052
Law as Fact&K. Olivecrona 1057
On Law and Justice&A. Ross 1065
Directives and Norms&A. Ross 1068
Tutu&A. Ross 1074
12. WISTORICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL JURISPRUDENCE 1077
The Romantic Reaction 1077
Herder and Hegel 1077
The German Historical School 1079
F.K. von Savigny (1779-1861) 1079
The Volksgeist—Some Problems 1080
Legislation and Juristenrecht 1081
Sir Henry Maine (1822-1888) 1082
Law and Anthropology 1084
Dispute Processes 1091
Legal Pluralism 1093
EXTRACTS 1096
System of Modern Roman Law&F.K. von Savigny 1096
Ancient Law&Sir Henry Maine 1100
The Law of Primitive Man&E.A. Hoebel 1103
Judicial Process among the Barotse&M. Gluckman 1109
Human Interaction and the Law&L.L. Fuller 1111
The Differing Realms of the Law&P. Bohannan 1121
The Rule of Law versus the Order of Custom&S. Diamond 1124
13. MARXIST THEORIES OF LAW AND STATE 1129
Dialectics, Hegel and Marx 1130
Marx and Hegel's Political Philosophy 1131
The Materialist Conception of History 1132
Base and Superstructure 1134
The Question of Class 1140
Marx and Ideology 1141
The State and Law 1145
Marx and Justice, Morality and Human Rights 1148
The "Withering Away" of the State 1153
Other Marxisms 1155
Karl Renner 1155
Antonio Gramsci 1157
Pashukanis 1157
Marxist Theories of Law and State—a Critique 1161
EXTRACTS 1166
Philosophy of Right&F.Hegel 1166
Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right&K. Marx 1167
Preface to Contribution to Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx 1167
The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels 1168
The Housing Question&F. Engels 1169
Karl Marx's Theory of History&G.A. Cohen 1170
Can the Base he Distinguished from the Superstructure?&S. Lukes 1175
The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels 1180
Preface to The Critique of Political Economy&K. Marx 1180
The German Ideology&K. Marx and F. Engels 1181
Whigs and Hunters&E.P.Thompson 1181
The Civil War in France&K. Marx 1187
Critique of the Gotha Programme&K. Marx 1188
Anti-Duhring&F. Engels 1189
State and Revolution&V.Lenin 1190
The Institutions of Private Law and their Social Functions&K. Renner 1191
Law and Marxism&E. Pashukanis 1199
14. CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES 1209
Critical Legal Studies and Liberalism's Contradictions 1210
Rules and Reasoning 1215
Critical Legal Studies and Legal Practice 1217
Legal Theory and Social Theory 1220
Conclusion 1224
EXTRACTS 1125
Law and Ideology&R.W.Gordon 1125
New Developments in Legal Theory&R.W. Gordon 1232
Reification in Legal Reasoning&P. Gabel 1236
Interpretive Construction in the Substantive Criminal Law&M. Kelman 1244
An Essay in the Deconstruction of Contract Doctrine&C. Dalton 1256
The Ideological Content of Legal Education&D. Kennedy 1267
The Spell of Rationalizing Legal Analysis&R.M. Unger 1271
15. FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE 1285
Origins 1285
The Inquiries of Feminist Jurisprudence 1287
Equality and Difference 1290
Women and Ideology 1292
The Public and the Private 1293
Cultural Pluralism and Women's Rights 1295
Feminist Legal Methods 1297
EXTRACTS 1300
The Emergence of Feminist Jurisprudence: An essay&A.C. Scales 1300
Feminism and the Limits of Equality&P. A. Cain 1312
Jurisprudence and Gender&R. West 1320
Difference and Dominance: On Sex Discrimination&C.A. MacKinnon 1337
Reconstructing Sexual Equality&C.A. Littleton 1347
Feminist Legal Methods&K.T. Bartlett 1359
Breaking Women's Silence in Law: The Dilemma of the Gendered Nature of Legal Reasoning&L.M. Finley 1377
The Feminist Challenge to Conventional Legal Scholarship&N. Lacey 1387
Is Multiculturalism Bad for Women?&S. Moller Okin 1400
16. POSTMODERNIST JURISPRUDENCE 1409
Postmodernism and Modernism 1409
The Death of the Subject 1410
The "Subject" and the Legal System 1411
Lawyers, their Clients and their Scholarship 1413
A Political Agenda 1414
Postmodern Law: Postmodern State 1415
Semiotics and Legal Theory 1418
EXTRACTS 1421
Answering the Question: What is Postmodern ism?&J.F. Lyotard 1421
Postmodern Identity and the Legal Subject&J. Wicke 1428
Normativity and the Politics of Form&P. Schlag 1440
Understanding Legal Understanding: The Legal Subject and the Problem of Legal Coherence&J.M. Balkin 1449
The Postmodern Transition: Law and Politics&B. de Sousa Santos 1465
"A Well-Founded Fear of Justice": Law and Ethics in Postmodernity&C. Douzinas and R. Warrington 1473
The Normality of the Exception in Democracy's Empire&P. Fitzpatrick and R. Joyce 1482
17. CRITICAL RACE THEORY 1491
Introduction 1491
The Other Movements 1493
EXTRACTS 1496
Race Consciousness: The Thematic Content of Racial Distinctiveness in Critical Race Scholarship&R. D. Barnes 1496
Critical Race Theory: An Annotated Bibliography&R. Delgado and J. Stefancic 1499
The Jurisprudence of Reconstruction&A.Harris 1500
The Legal Academy and Minority Scholars&M.S. Ball 1506
Race, Reform and Retrenchment: Transformation and Legitimation in Anti-Discrimination Law&K.Crenshaw 1509
Celebrating LatCrit Theory: What Do We Do When the Music Stops?&K.R. Johnson 1523
LatCrit as Liberation Theory&B. Esperanza Hernandez-Truyol 1526
18. THEORIES OF ADJUDICATION 1531
The Nature of Legal Sources 1531
The Institution of Adjudication 1533
Stare Decisis 1536
Why Precedent? 1543
Judges and Discretion 1546
Judge-made Law 1547
Judicial Reasoning 1550
Statutory Construction 1554
Statutory Construction and Democracy 1563
EXTRACTS 1566
Problems of the Philosophy of Law&H.L.A. Hart 1566
Nature of the Judicial Process&B. Cardozo 1571
Language and the Law&G. Williams 1574
Gods&J. Wisdom 1577
Formal Justice and the Form of Legal Arguments&D.N. MacCormick 1579
An Introduction to Legal Reasoning&E.H. Levi 1582
Social Policy and Judicial Legislation&R. Sartorius 1585
Index of Authors 1589
Index of Subjects 1595